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Earth Systems, The atmosphere - Coggle Diagram
Earth Systems
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Rocks
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Sedimentary
Formed from layers of bits of rocks that are squished together. As they are squeezed the water is pushed out and they solidify.
Metamorphic
Formed from sedimentary rocks buried deep in the crust. The pressure/temp morphs them over millions of years.
The rock cycle
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Igneous and metamorphic rocks can be weathered from sediments, which then can be compacted into sedimentary rock
Igneous and sedimentary can be subjected to heat and pressure in the crust to form metamorphic rocks
Geosphere
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Continental drift
The Lowe mantle nearest to the core will be heated up and the magma will become less dense and rise. As it rises colder magma is pushed to the side away from the flow of the hot magma nad will cool down and sink
Volcanoes
Magma from mantle forced through crust, when forced through crust, called lava
Subduction volcanoes
Form when oceanic crust and continental crust collide. Oceanic crust is pushed underneath the continental crust. Oceanic crust then melts in the mantle and builds up pressure. This pressure causes eruptions on the continental crust.
Hotspot volcanoes
Some occur far from plate boundaries and these are believed to be caused by extra hot parts in the mantle caused hot spots. As plates move through these places, magma occasionally breaks through.
Carbon Cycle
Carbon = important. Passes through organism to organism through an interconnected web called the carbon cycle
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The atmosphere
Ocean and Coral stuff
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When the algae leaves, the coral turns white and becomes more vulnerable to disease.
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Increasing global average temperatures are causing land ice to melt, which then flows into the ocean
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As the ocean warms, it will expand and take up more volume.
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Increased ocean temperatures can disrupt these currents by preventing cold water from deep in the ocean from mixing with warm surface water.
This prevents organisms such as phytoplankton from getting food, which breaks down the food chain.
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When carbon dioxide dissolves in water, it turns into carbonic acid.
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As the ocean gets more acidic, many of these animals will be unable to survive, which will affect the food chain.
Weather
Air currents
There are small scale winds as well, these are called sea breezes, and land breezes.
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Equator gets the most direct sunlight, meaning air is warmest. The heat causes the air to expand and thus become less dense which makes it rise. This also creates a vacuum that sucks colder air and because it's colder it contracts which makes it more dense and thus it goes down and replaces the hot air
Water
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The way that water moves through the water sphere is called the water cycle
Water goes through several changes during the cycle
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78% Nitrogen
The higher we go the air becomes thinner and there are less oxygen molecules because there is less gravity holding the air to earth.
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Oceans
TIdes
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The ocean nearest the equator receives the most direct sunlight, so it receives the most heat.
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This is because the moon pulls the water away from earth on the close side, and pulls the earth and the ocean on the other side.
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When the sun and the moon are in line, the high tide is higher (and low tide is lower)
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When the sun and the moon aren’t in line, the high tide is lower (and the low tide is higher)
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Coral bleaching is when coral gets stressed due to changes in temperature, light, or nutrients
When this happens, the algae that live in the coral leave.
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The tides on the earth are caused by the gravitational pull of the moon on the earth. There are 2 high tides and 2 low tides everyday and these are 6 hours apart. These happen as the moon pulls the water away from the earth causing a high tide. The rest of the earth is also pulled but not as much and this causes a high tide on the opposite of the earth.
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When the sun is in line with the moon there is a spring tide and the high tide is high and the low tide is lower. When the sun is not in line with the moon there is neap tide and high tide is lower and low tide is higher.
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Greenhouse Gases (like Co2) get trapped in the atmosphere, and cause more heat to be trapped, making the earth warmer and climate change happen faster (very slowly though)
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Global warming can cause rising sea levels, disease, droughts and crop failure, flooding, and more storms and rainfall
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