However, they draw the boundaries too sharply between these.
For example, South (2020) found that the drug trade is a mixture of both 'disorganised' crime, like the conflict subculture, and professional 'mafia' style criminal subcultures.
Likewise, some supposedly 'retreatist' users are also professional dealers making a living from this utilitarian crime.
In Cloward and Ohlin's theory, it would not be possible to belong to more than one of these subcultures.