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Biopsychology Revision, (Has been useful in studying the stages of sleep…
Biopsychology Revision
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language centres- Broca and Wenicke's area - Broca's area is small area of the left frontal lobe. It is responsible for speech. when damage to this area is cause it can result in Broca's Aphasia this is when speech is slow or non comprehensible. - Wernicke's area is located in the left temporal lobe, it is responsible for understanding of speech and when damaged can cause Wernicke's Aphasia causing a lack of understanding of speech or total incomprehension
Hemispheric lateralisation and split brain research -
Left hemisphere is associated with language functions, such as formulating grammar and vocab and containing the language centers.
Right hemisphere is associated with more visuospatial functions such as visualisation depth perception and spatial navigation. These left and right functions are the cause in the majority of people especially those who are right handed.
EVALUATION
Supporting evidence - Fink et al - used PET scans to identify which brain areas active during visual processing task.normal participants asked to attend to look at whole image, regions of the RH were more active, when required to look at finer details in the image areas of the LH tended to dominate
Low generalisability - mos patients in split brain. research have epilepsy but none in the control group did. confounding variable as any differences observed may have been a result of the epilepsy - difficult to generalise to wider population
plasticity and functional recovery - Plasticty - when the brain changes and adapts after injury or growth
Synaptic pruning - synapses that are frequently used grow stronger connections, however unused synaptic connected are lost
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Circadian Rhythms -
Circadian Rhythms - biological rhythms subject to 24 hour cycle which regulate processes such as the sleep/wake up cycle and changes in core bocidy temperature.
Aschoff and never - group of participants spent 4 weeks in ww2 bunker deprived of natural light. all but one participant had sleep/ wake cycle of around 25 hours. Natural sleep cycle is slightly longer than 24 hours but this is influenced and contained by exogenous zeitgibers (meal times and daylight )
biological rhythms - distinct patterns of changes in body activity which conform to cyclical time periods- these are influenced by internal body clocks and external chnages.
EVALUATION- real world application - could help and manage worker productivity - night workers engaged in shift work experience period reduced concentration around 6 in the morning, meaning mistakes and accidents more likely.
Generalisability - Werner and Siffre's research both use very small samples of ppl and sleep/wake cycles vary dramatically person to person- individual differences age gender etc may all effect peoples sleep/wake cycles. Even Siffre observed that his cycle had slowed down since he was a young man.
Has been useful in studying the stages of sleep as well as useful in the understanding of epilepsy has a high temporal resolution and has good real world usefulness not the technique
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• In order to establish pure data, background 'noise' and extraneous material must be eliminated- not easy to achieve
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Paul broca and Karl wernicke both relied on post Mortom studies in establishing links between language brain and behaviour decades before neuroimaging
Generalised nature of information received. The EEG signal is also not useful for pinpointing the exact source of neural activity therefore it doesn’t allow researchers to distinguish between activity’s originating in different but adjacent locations
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These bring much more specificity to the measurement of neural processes than could ever be achieved using raw EEG data. They have an excellent temporal resolution as well as when compared to FMRI’s. They are usually used to look at the working memory.
• In order to establish pure data, background 'noise' and extraneous material must be eliminated- not easy to achieve
-
Paul broca and Karl wernicke both relied on post Mortom studies in establishing links between language brain and behaviour decades before neuroimaging
Generalised nature of information received. The EEG signal is also not useful for pinpointing the exact source of neural activity therefore it doesn’t allow researchers to distinguish between activity’s originating in different but adjacent locations
-
These bring much more specificity to the measurement of neural processes than could ever be achieved using raw EEG data. They have an excellent temporal resolution as well as when compared to FMRI’s. They are usually used to look at the working memory.
• In order to establish pure data, background 'noise' and extraneous material must be eliminated- not easy to achieve
-
Paul broca and Karl wernicke both relied on post Mortom studies in establishing links between language brain and behaviour decades before neuroimaging
Generalised nature of information received. The EEG signal is also not useful for pinpointing the exact source of neural activity therefore it doesn’t allow researchers to distinguish between activity’s originating in different but adjacent locations
-
These bring much more specificity to the measurement of neural processes than could ever be achieved using raw EEG data. They have an excellent temporal resolution as well as when compared to FMRI’s. They are usually used to look at the working memory.
• In order to establish pure data, background 'noise' and extraneous material must be eliminated- not easy to achieve
-
Paul broca and Karl wernicke both relied on post Mortom studies in establishing links between language brain and behaviour decades before neuroimaging
Generalised nature of information received. The EEG signal is also not useful for pinpointing the exact source of neural activity therefore it doesn’t allow researchers to distinguish between activity’s originating in different but adjacent locations
-
These bring much more specificity to the measurement of neural processes than could ever be achieved using raw EEG data. They have an excellent temporal resolution as well as when compared to FMRI’s. They are usually used to look at the working memory.
• Poor temporal resolution, as there is a 5-second time-lag behind the image and the initial firing of the neuron- may not accurately represent the brain activity in that moment.
-
• Poor temporal resolution, as there is a 5-second time-lag behind the image and the initial firing of the neuron- may not accurately represent the brain activity in that moment.
-
Has been useful in studying the stages of sleep as well as useful in the understanding of epilepsy has a high temporal resolution and has good real world usefulness not the technique
-
• Poor temporal resolution, as there is a 5-second time-lag behind the image and the initial firing of the neuron- may not accurately represent the brain activity in that moment.
-
Has been useful in studying the stages of sleep as well as useful in the understanding of epilepsy has a high temporal resolution and has good real world usefulness not the technique
-
• Poor temporal resolution, as there is a 5-second time-lag behind the image and the initial firing of the neuron- may not accurately represent the brain activity in that moment.
-
Has been useful in studying the stages of sleep as well as useful in the understanding of epilepsy has a high temporal resolution and has good real world usefulness not the technique
-
• Poor temporal resolution, as there is a 5-second time-lag behind the image and the initial firing of the neuron- may not accurately represent the brain activity in that moment.
-
• Poor temporal resolution, as there is a 5-second time-lag behind the image and the initial firing of the neuron- may not accurately represent the brain activity in that moment.
-
• FMRIs do not rely on the use of radiation and, if administered correctly, it is virtually risk-free and non-invasive.
• The images produced have very high spatial-resolution, providing clear detail of how brain activity is localised
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• Observed damage to the brain in post-mortems may not be linked to the deficits under review, but another trauma or form of decay (correlation not cause)
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• FMRIs do not rely on the use of radiation and, if administered correctly, it is virtually risk-free and non-invasive.
• The images produced have very high spatial-resolution, providing clear detail of how brain activity is localised
-
-
-
-
-
-
• Observed damage to the brain in post-mortems may not be linked to the deficits under review, but another trauma or form of decay (correlation not cause)
-
-
• FMRIs do not rely on the use of radiation and, if administered correctly, it is virtually risk-free and non-invasive.
• The images produced have very high spatial-resolution, providing clear detail of how brain activity is localised
-
-
-
-
-
-
• Observed damage to the brain in post-mortems may not be linked to the deficits under review, but another trauma or form of decay (correlation not cause)
-
-
• The images produced have very high spatial-resolution, providing clear detail of how brain activity is localised
-
-
-
-
-
-
• Observed damage to the brain in post-mortems may not be linked to the deficits under review, but another trauma or form of decay (correlation not cause)
-
-
• FMRIs do not rely on the use of radiation and, if administered correctly, it is virtually risk-free and non-invasive.
• The images produced have very high spatial-resolution, providing clear detail of how brain activity is localised
-
-
• FMRIs do not rely on the use of radiation and, if administered correctly, it is virtually risk-free and non-invasive.
• The images produced have very high spatial-resolution, providing clear detail of how brain activity is localised
-
Evaluation
One strength of research into functional recovery is that there is supporting evidence from case studies. Danielle at al - examined case study of a 14 year old boy EB - had left side of his brain removed because of a tumour and lost all language ability (aphasia). After 2 years of recovery, he recovered language abilities and developed normally even without his left hemisiphere. FMRI scans suggested the right side of the brain had taken a 'blue print' from the left side and adapted to perform its roles/ functions
one limitation of research into functional recovery is the theory may be socially sensitive. level of education may influence recovery rates of functional recovery. Schneider et al revealed that the more time people with brain injuries spend in education greater their chances of disability free recovery. 40% who achieved this had spent more than 16 years in education compared to 10% of those who had less than 12 years.
Generalised nature of information received. The EEG signal is also not useful for pinpointing the exact source of neural activity therefore it doesn’t allow researchers to distinguish between activity’s originating in different but adjacent locations
-
These bring much more specificity to the measurement of neural processes than could ever be achieved using raw EEG data. They have an excellent temporal resolution as well as when compared to FMRI’s. They are usually used to look at the working memory.
-
FMRI - works by detecting the changes in blood oxygenation and flow - caused by the brain activity - they produce a 3D image - a slight 1-4 second delay - thought to be accurate within 1-2mm
• FMRIs do not rely on the use of radiation and, if administered correctly, it is virtually risk-free and non-invasive.
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