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Cognitive Psy - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Luminance
        
        Middlcross hair changes colour.
        
        Selective ignoring
      - Not perceiving stimlus (change) despite direct sensation due to lack of attention
    - - When one have the pay equal attention to two or more stimulus
      - Car
        
        Hand = not hand -> it is speech
        
        Passenger adjust attention load
        
        Bec of large attention load we do early selection -> minimal information coming through
      - Big red cross. Inattentional blindness with big red cross while holding natural conversation -> 10 %!
        
        Attention is so taxed that even attention capture feature cannot get it
    - - Showed alternating targets, blink happen when attention has refractory period.
  - - - Ponser
        
        Faster in object than not
      - Hemineglect
        
        Neglect can be in the object
    - - Ponser
        
        Faster with cue
      - Hemi neglect
        
        Neglect can be in a area of the visual field
  - - - Dichotic listening task
  - - - Attentaion capture that is automatic does not require mental effort
    - - Attention reqires to glue features together
- - - - Communication of abstract idea :check:
    - - quanity, quality, relationship, manner
        
        as much info as neccesary, true info, relevnt info, clear info
    - - Open, discrete, arbitrary, synatxical
        
        sound arbitrary to sound, composed of discrete, atomic unit such as phoenmes, open to infinite combination, and has syntaxical rule in terms of grammer
    - - Strong version
        
        Language determines thought
        
        Eskimos
        
        false cause english has many word for snow as well
        
        colour study
        
        can do both, language distort boundaries but doesn't distory center/prototypical
      - Weak version
        
        language influences thought
        
        Korean
        
        2x2 design of Korean Vs english kid (1-2 year)AND mean-end vs object permanence task
        
        Crossover interaction
        
        Seem like learning the type of word (verb and noun) effected performance in that word's category (action and identification). Since they also dissappered after 3-4 when the hcildren the rest of the word
        
        other examples of this in class
        
        loftus
        
        WM digit span
        
        prior knowledge influencing thought
    - - Conduction
        
        Damage between the connect of Wernicke and Broca
        
        Most activity is fine, it is just very poor repetition ability
        
        when ask to repeat word, cannot do so
        
        provides evidence for WM of word -> it is phonological loop as the this is whati t will look like if the loop was damanged
      - Broca/Fluent
        
        Understand language but could not produce speech
        
        Cannot understand function word
        
        The boy hugged the girl = the boy was being hugged by the girl
        
        Left frontal lobe
      - Wernicke/Non-Fluent
        
        Produces speech but does not understand language
        
        left temporal lobe
        
        Agrammatism
      - aphasia is damage in language, not motor skill or motivation
    - - Pro
        
        Better attention switching
        
        cause you gotta switch between lagnauge
        
        Higher executive funciton
      - Con
        
        low verbal fluency
        
        find the word slower
        
        cause there are justm ore word to sort through
        
        lower SES ppl have negative effect
  - - - Induction is getting generalized conclusion from specific facts
      - deductive is getting specific conclusions from general principles
    - - We underestimate how (1) quickly we judge truth (2) how little information we use to do that
        
        (1) we weigh information gain earlier heavier (2) we underestimate how influential information can be
      - We are bad a fact-checking
        
        (1) we tend to truth (2) we consider closer-enough-truth to be truth
      - We consider (1) what we see first (2) what we see most often to be truth
        
        (1) Anchoring as the first value 'anchor' truth (2) given that there are infinite false answer and only one true answer for any given question, the one true answer should statistically come up to be much higher -> what is true is what we hear
        
        Implication is that when changing ppl's mind, we should not metion falsehood at all but increase the repetition of truth
        
        since what os true is mere frequency of exposure
      - We are bad a reasoning!
        
        i.e. Wason's 4-card's task
    - - How you ask the question influnece answer
        
        Adding a social element to Wason task, alochol, makes it significanlty easier
        
        Gain and loss framing influence number or prortion view (program A or B)
        
        Even though the number of ppl that survives in the end is the same, a gain framing (how many ppl saved) influences participat to choose the number view and vice versa for loss adverse ppl
        
        Ignroing numeber or protion, the individual difference of risk seeking behaviour also influences: risk adverse will choose gain graming and vice sera for risk seeking
        
        Other invDif are
        
        WM capacity
        
        Attention resources
        
        IQ
    - - Anchoring and adjustment: when guessing, given a anchor value, all guess will be closer to that value
        
        It isn't even framing effect, for it comes up more in your mind!
      - Illusory truth: repetition -> familarity -> truth
        
        even when things explicity are stated as false!
    - - availibty
        
        reasoning is influenced by what comes to mind easily
        
        Should be called accessbility cause memory
      - representative
        
        Assuming that members of the group is repesetnative of the group as a whole
        
        Example 1: Engine and Laywer
        
        Even though statistically, John in the condition 2 is far more likely to be a laywer, peope still choose the percetnage the same as condition 1 because (1) they used superfolous personality description of John as evidence (2) they forget the base rate
        
        Example 2: 'John is a account' vs 'John is an accountant and loves poetry'
        
        People selected the latter as more likely, even if that's statistically impossible
        
        Social effect:
        
        Member represent group
        
        Memember resemble group
      - Cogntivtive shortcut (top down from a prior knowleedge) that can be helpful in being faster but could also be prey to thinking pitfalls
  - - - What we can say
        
        General cog ability exist and it varies
        
        It is heritable, and once muching maturation, it is stable
        
        all IQ test measure this to some degree
      - Measure of intellgience
        
        Weschler
        
        Binet
        
        Raven
      - Types of intelligence
        
        spearman G
        
        one genearl intelgeicne that is a part of any intellectual acitivty
        
        Cattle two
        
        Fluid
        
        WM, dynamic for new problem
        
        Crystalized
        
        SM, all your knowledge
        
        Related, but varies by age, fatigue, and alocohol
        
        Gardner's multiple
        
        Savant and Cross culture
        
        problem is close to learning styles
    - - Deliberate pratice is not ennough!
      - Why makes them expert
        
        Problem solving
        
        After doing so much problems and being knowledable of the field, can use analogy reasoning
        
        Chess stud: though no diff in random board, expert remembered actual board much better ->
        
        Praticce so much it becomes autoamtic process
        
        High metacogitive: ability to moniter oneself, judege task difficult etc
      - Drawbacks
        
        Functional fixedness
        
        Limited cognition
        
        expert in A can only be expert in A, cannot transfer -> strategy rather than abililty
        
        curse of knowledge
    - - Case study from creative ppl
        
        Behaviour
        
        knowledge, ambugity, intrinstic, persistence, metacogntivie
        
        Brain
        
        use their creative network at the same time!
      - Cognitive process
        
        Special
        
        Incubation of unconscious processing lead to Eureka
        
        Evidence is meager as Eureka is hard to control
        
        Ordinary (Perkin's view)
        
        Umbrella term for three processes
        
        Direct remembering once's past
        
        Noticing problem, pattern, and improvement
        
        Contray recogntion (opposite of functional fixedness) of alternative possibility for things
        
        Is just when one looks harder and longer at a problem, determined by the people what is creative
      - Mesuring creavitiy
        
        Fludity
        
        $ of idea
        
        Flexibility
        
        $ of category
        
        Elaboratio
        
        $ of idea per category
        
        Orginality
        
        $ of unqiue idea
      - What is creavitiy
        
        Guilfor classical
        
        Creative = divergenet thinking
        
        Mordern appraoch
        
        Originality, novelty, AND usefulness
        
        Mere ideas are cheap
  - - - Visual acuity
        
        Visual ciff
      - Hearing
      - Babies and mother
    - - Mobile conjuate task a
        
        Train
        
        Elicilt imitation paradigm
        
        adapted for older
        
        Second step is to check for encoding
        
        Big retention
        
        shows at minimal operant codntion and implicit memory
      - Context matters hugely, if context is changed then no rention
    - - Egocentrism
      - Theory of mind
        
        False belief shows inaiblity to take on another's perspecitve
        
        Represenational change shows above but also for one's past
      - Conservation
        
        big = higher number
    - - Babies can't talk, so we use looking time
        
        Assumption: look is processing and/or supruised
        
        Violition of expectation
        
        COnservative: discrimnation
        
        Liberal: suprised and/or like novelity
    - - Intact
        
        Implicit
        
        Gist
        
        Crystlaize
        
        Recognition
      - Decline
        
        Sensory and attention deficit
        
        Cogntivie inhibition
        
        Episodic and WM
      - Why
        
        Brain
        
        No brain
        
        Cognitive
        
        lower process resurces
        
        Social
        
        does not care
  - - - when a individual is at risk of comfrimg to a negative stereoty
        
        pooer performeance cause attention is use upat thinking about the the stereopty -> splot -> taxes working memorty
        
        Factor includes: difficulty, doesthe task measure sterepty, relevant of stereotpe, and expecation
      - Steretoy boost
        
        It is possible
      - Hard to measure
      - Gaydar allows stereotype withou conseuqnce, awhich in turns allows predjuice without being caught
    - - Greater # ppl, one dissent, anoymooty
      - Could (!) not want to stand out (2) actually believing and/or perciing thatone is wrong
    - - a representative of the past held by a large of group of people
      - normal country rank their event as less important, but russia does not
      - social identity formation, transportioed by narartive -> distort history
    - - Memory (WM digit, auto, collective)
      - whfrof
      - IQ
      - WERID
        
        generalizble
        
        assesment
        
        Cognition prioritze werid
    - - Culture life script: the social norm of a culture that prescribes the order and timing of its member's major life event
        
        help organize autobiogrpahic memory
- - - - Storage
        
        Retrieval
        
        Recovering and reinterpreting
        
        TAP
        
        best encoding condition is one that mirrors retrieval condition
        
        Depth of processing isn't the only determining factor in retrieval success
        
        Rhyme study
        
        Testing effect
        
        5+5 vs 10 min, 5+5 retained longer
        
        Spacing effect
        
        Spanish, spacing remember more after 50 years!
        
        Representing and organizing
      - Acquiring and transfering info
      - Encoding Specifictity
        
        Multiple traces
        
        best retrieval cue is one that reinstate encoding context
        
        Scuba study
      - Principle of organization
        
        Information organized > not organized: chunking
      - Depth of processing
        
        Elaboration
        
        Study show deeper processing increase retenttion
      - Desirable difficulty
        
        Harder encode better retention
  - - - SM
        
        WM
        
        LTM
        
        Retrieval
        
        Declarative
        
        Semantic
        
        Episodic
        
        KC
        
        1 more item...
        
        Non-declarative
        
        Priming
        
        Procedural
        
        Conditioning
        
        CW
        
        Mirror drawing showing procedural improvement
        
        Ortho, Phono, Semantic
        
        Representation of Memory
        
        Classic
        
        Category is defined by Nec-Suf condition
        
        1 more item...
        
        Wittgenstein: no clear cut 2. Loftus, some members are more equal than other
        
        Prototype
        
        Category is a prototype, which is the ideal representation of the members that possess the most typical features. Exemplars are concrete members
        
        1 more item...
        
        Fail to explain exemplars are boundaries (chiuwawa is more cat than poodle, but it is still a dog. Why?) 2. Ad-hoc prototype (what is the protoype of everything on my desk?)
        
        Organization of Represenation
        
        Semantic Network
        
        Hierarchical Model
        
        2 more items...
        
        Information is linked in memory via semantic relationship w/nodes and pointers to other nodes
        
        Spreading Activation: activating one node active connected nodes
        
        1 more item...
        
        Distorted Memory
        
        War of Ghost
        
        Systematic Distortion from personal and culture influnces
        
        Loftus
        
        Car speed determined by verb we use to retrieve
        
        Asked abut broken glass, false memory
        
        DRM
        
        Misremembering a semantically related word after trying to remember a list of word -> we get the general gist of things
        
        Flashblub
        
        Study comparing flashblub memory (9/11) and ordinary memory found that though flashblub was reported to be recollected more, it actually was forgetten in the same rate
        
        1 more item...
        
        Alleged memory of tramuatic event that last longer
        
        Memory is malleable, reconstructive, dynamic, inaccurate
        
        Influenced by
        
        3 more items...
        
        Forgetting
        
        Permastore
        
        Some LTM are permastored, meaning that after the rapid forgetting in the first 3 years, than Plateau in 2 years but never go back down to 0
        
        1 more item...
        
        Accessible vs Available
        
        All LTM is available. But few are accessible. Only with the right cues that one can access it
        
        1 more item...
        
        Tip of the tongue
        
        Partial recall. Not full retrieval. Feeling that retrieval is imminent
        
        Knowledge
        
        Not neccesarily related to memory but build up from countless learning experiences
        
        But is not ONLY from the compiling of episodic memory
        
        Schema: generalized outline for typical scenario
        
        Good: provides framework, chunking efficient processing
        
        Bad: prone to misremembering and overgeneralization
        
        Amensia
        
        Anterograde: inability to form new explicit LTM
        
        Retrograde: inability to call LTM from a section of time before incident
        
        Patients
        
        Baddely: limitied capacity system use for the temporary storage and manipulation of complex information or task
        
        Conway: activated part of general LTM by attention from the central executive. Surronding area is SM and other related types of memory
        
        Central Executive
        
        Phonological Loop
        
        Word length: loop to long
        
        Similarity: semantic interference
        
        Visual-Sptial sketchpad
        
        Mental rotation of image
        
        Time is directly proportional to degree: it is as if we are physically rotating the image but with our mind!
        
        Encoding
        
        HM
        
        Testing WM
        
        Delay Reponse
        
        S1->delay->S2
        
        N-Back
        
        N-back Sx -> Sx-n
        
        O-span
        
        Alternating math and word -> WM capacity and manipulation
        
        1-3 sec, fragile but large, modality specific, rough info
        
        Echoic (3-4)
        
        Iconic (<1)
        
        Spearling's
        
        Posted cued row get us 3, extrapolating it is 9 > whole report it is 4.5. Therefore SM is bigger than we thought. Masking created immediate intereference
        
        Forgetting
        
        Decay
        
        Interference
        
        Requires attention to get into WM
- - - - Visual form agnosia
    - - Optic ataxia