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Seed Sovereignty - Coggle Diagram

- - - - There has been some limitations of OSSI in the Global South as the initiative is dependent on formal licensing like the one used by the corporate giants that exploited and destroyed seed sovereignty. OSSI members are oriented to the organic sector but also supports genetic engineering which is opposed by multiple organizations in the North and the South
        
        The objectives that OSSI intends to achieve are specified as follows in the latest draft of ‘OSSI basic principles’:
        A. A germplasm licensing framework with no breeding restrictions on the germplasm
        B. A robust, vibrant and well-supported public and community plant breeding sector
        C. Multiple sources from which farmers and breeders can obtain seed
        D. Integration of skills of farmers with plant scientists for enhancing participatory breeding
        E. Respect for the rights and sovereignty of indigenous communities over their seed and genetic resources
- - - - Although the number of patents applied for annually is increasing in both the US and Europe, the number of applicants is decreasing
        
        In the period 2004– 2008 the five so-called ‘Gene Giants’ (Monsanto, DuPont, Syngenta, Bayer, Dow) accounted for around 84 percent of patent applications in the US and 35 percent of applications in the EU in the years 2003–2007
        
        The need to license also acts as a barrier to entry for potential new firms. Patenting have had significant effects on farmers, perhaps most clearly in the US
  - - - ‘Bag tag’ is a ‘shrink-wrap’ license on a bag of seed that states that the farmer does not buy or own the seed, instead the farmer licenses its use
- - - - The International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (ITPGRFA) in 2002, an agreement that to date has still not been ratified by the US
        
        These have so far resulted in minimum gains which are diluted by or subordinated to conventional property law in places as diverse as India and Italy
        
        Two most prominent organizations working on seed matters:
        A. Lavanya is dedicated to achieving 'Seed Freedom', and its activities are carved specifically for programs in India
        B. LVC, is an organization of organizations, a network of farmers and peasants dedicated to a bundle of objectives summarized under the term 'Seed Sovereignty'
        
        Both LVC and Navdanya
        A. Oppose intellectual property rights
        B. Oppose genetically modified organisms
        
        Both LVS and Navdanya supports:
        A. Community seed saving and exchange
        B. Participatory breeding
        C. Legal sovereignty over seeds
        D. Openness to allies