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strand 8 in vitro cloning - Coggle Diagram
strand 8 in vitro cloning
what is needed for PCR? - amplifies amount of organism DNA present so it can be detected
nucleotides - used to build new DNA molecules
DNA polymerase joins nucleotides together along phosphate backbone Taq polymerase is stable at hight temperatures - thermostable
DNA primer is needed to initiate DNA replication of each stage of the process as DNA polymerase only adds nucleotides to existing piece of DNA, complementary to sequence at either end of DNA
95 degrees celsius - hydrogen bonds - 2 template strands
thermocycler - controls temperatures of each stage of the process
55 degrees celsius - primers anneal (join)
DNA fragment to be copied, provides the template strands
72 degrees celsius - complementary base pairing - DNA polymerase joins nucleotides
PCR - polymerase chain reaction
advantages of PCR
this is useful when limited DNA is available ie at a crime scene
doesn't require living cells - all that's needed is a base sequence of DNA that needs amplification
rapid : within hours a 100 billion copies of a gene can be made
no complex culturing techniques requiring time and effort are needed
arguments for gene technology
genetically modified crops can be engineered to become more tolerant to environmental conditions ie drought, pollution and increases food production
micro - organisms can be modified to produce a range of antibiotics, hormones and enzymes used to treat disease and disorders
genetically modified animals are able to produce expensive drugs, hormones, antibiotics and enzymes relatively cheaply
arguments against gene technology
new gene combinations may affect evolution as it may reduce genetic diversity
genetically modified bacteria often have antibiotic resistance marker genes that may spread resistance to harmful bacteria
the ability to change human genes could lead to eugenics where selection of genes means selection of one race or characteristic over another