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economic factors that affect development - Coggle Diagram
economic factors that affect development
income and expenditure
lack of income can lead to lack of resources (clothes, food.) people without means to pay for essentials are deemed to live in absolute poverty. people who can afford absolute basics are living in relative poverty - poor compared to everyone else. lack of resources means they may find it hard to be part of community, leading to social exclusion. children born into poverty may feel trapped in a situation and effect their confidence and self-esteem.
Children Poverty Action Group - poverty is associated with risk and premature death. children born in poorest areas of uk weigh on average 200g less than wealthier areas.
according to Trussel Trust - 445 food banks in uk. year on year increase in food banks since 2009. concern about nutritional value of food provided. lots of processed food which leads to unbalanced diet - vitamin deficiency.
income is not distributed equally in the uk. people in bottom earning 10% of population have an average net annual income of 8468 - resulting in living in poverty. top 10% have average income 79100, almost 10x bottom earning.
more likely to be on low income include - lone parent families, unemployed, older people etc
the impact of low income
paxon and dixon 2004 found that children who grew up in poverty in the 70s underachieved at school and were less likely to have higher education. 1.5x more likely to be unemployed
poverty is associated with being a victim of crime
poorer communities are more likely to live in polluted areas
poorer people are at increased risk of dying young
employment status
characterised by whether a person is in work and what they do. out of work likely means a family is on a low income. 15.9% of households have no adults working. 22% of children living in poverty in england and wales.
even when in woork, type of job can affect wellbeing. low paid or low status can put on additional stress which can lead to ill health and possible depression. all types of work can provide social interacting which is good for wellbeing. work with high status and pay can boost health and well being. research shows that people who are in work are likely to be healthier mentally and physically
education
according to the department for education, by the age of 3, children from poorer families are estimated to be about 9 months behind children from wealthier families. by 14, almost a year and a half behind. dont do as well in gcses, almost two grades lower. few or no qualifications more likely to be unemployed or low paid. low self-image. good educations gives more choices and better job satisfaction. high flying jobs can lead to stress.
peer groups
as a child becomes more independent they learn about social relationships, especially when playing with other children. by the time they reach adolescence, peer groups become important and influential. attitudes and beliefs might be copied. peer groups provide secondary socialisation
lifestyle
nutrition and dietary choices - some might eat an unhealthy diet due to the convenience and cost. some argue that convenience food which is high in fats salts and sugars is cheaper to produce than healthier alternatives. a healthy diet should be balanced for the bodys health and wellbeing. unhealthy diets can lead to obesity, increasing pressure on the joints and organs - heart diease and arthritis.
exercise - regular exercise is essential for development - maintain healthy weight and good for mobility and heart function. can also help feelings and wellbeing, reducing likelihood of mental health problems.
use and misuse of substances - can cause short term effects that make people feel good, then quickly come down from the effects and feel low. significant effects of the body short and long term.
drug use - cannabis often used for calming effect but can effect brain function and thinking processes. linked to schizophrenia. if smoked it can cause respiratory problems and even lung cancer if used with tobacco. cocaine used for energy boost but can result in depression and being unwell when effect wears off. cocaine overstimulates the heart - heart attack or death. ecstasy and speed can increase alertness but can impact memory and cause depression, speed can affect blood pressure
alcohol - january 2016 - no more than 14 units a week spread over several days - some days alcohol free. social trends 2009 - 65 per cent of men and 49 per cent of women went over this limit in 2007. can increase risk of cancer to the throat, mouth and breasts. can cause heart disease, liver disease and bowel cancer. can cause accidents or unprotected intercourse. alcohol abuse is a major factor in domestic abuse cases.
tobacco - can affect all organs of the body but especially lungs. cause of most cases of lung cancer but also increases chances of coronary heart disease, strokes and lung diseases. can also effect the children in the family who inhale nicotine and the unborn baby of a mother who smokes
values and attitudes
influenced by how am individual experiences primary and secondary socialisation. also influenced by life experiences such as bullying and discrimination. media and social networking becoming increasingly influential.