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Muscular System - Coggle Diagram
Muscular System
Neuromuscular Junction
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Step Five
ACh binding to receptors → opens gates, allowing Na+ (Sodium) to enter → resulting in end plate potential (EPP)
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Disorders
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Myasthenia gravis (MG)
autoimmune disease characterized by drooping upper eyelids, difficulty swallowing and talking, and generalized muscle weakness
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Rigor mortis
- 3~4 hours after death, muscles begin to stiffen (peak - 12 hrs.)
- intracellular calcium levels increase: ATP is no longer being synthesized, so calcium cannot be pumped back into sarcoplasmic reticulum
- muscles stay contracted until muscle proteins break down, causing myosin to release
Fibromyalgia
- muscle pain
Causes: exact cause is unknown, sleep disturbances, more common in women
Symptoms: stiffness, insomnia, & joint pain
Treatments: physical therapy, exercise regimen, & massage
Cerebral Palsy
- spastic paralysis causing muscle weakness
Causes: hypoxia, premature birth, & brain injury
Symptoms: delayed development, seizures, & paralysis
Treatments: no cure, physical therapy, & surgical intervention
Myositis
- inflammation of the muscle
Causes: autoimmune, infection, & muscle trama
Symptoms: swelling, muscle damage, myalgia, & rash
Treatments: medication, antibiotics, & reduce inflammation
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Sarcomere
Myofilaments
Myosin myofilaments
- THICK filaments
- extend length of A band
- connected to M line
Actin myofilaments
- THIN filaments
- extend across I band and partway of A band
- anchored to Z discs
Striations
strips formed from repeating series of bands along length of each myofibril
- A bands are the darker regions
- H zone: lighter region in the middle of dark A band
- M line: line of myomesin that bisects H zone vertically
- I bands are the lighter regions
- Z line/disc: coin-shaped sheet of proteins on midline of light I band
- smallest contractile unit (functional unit) of muscle fiber
- contains A bands with half of an I band at each end
- individual sarcomeres align end to end along myofibril
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Skeletal Muscles
Anterior
Upper Limbs
- deltoid
- bicep brachii
- tricep brachii
- bachialis
- pronator teres
- brachioradialis
- flexor carpi radialis
- palmaris longus
- flexor carpi ulnaris
Lower Limbs
- tensor fasciae latae
- sartorius
- lliopsoas
- pectinus
- adductor longus
- gracilis
- lliotibial tract
- vastus lateralis
- rectus femoris
- vastus medialis
- fibularis longus
- fibularis brevis
- extensor digitorum longus
- tibialis anterior
- gastrocnemius
- soleus
Skull
- orbicularis oris
- masseter
- zygomaticus
- orbicularis oculi
- temporalis
- frontalis
Torso
- sternohyoid
- sternocleidomastoid
- trapezius
- pectoralis major
- serratus anterior
- external obliques
- rectus dodominis
Posterior
Upper Limbs
- deltoid
- tricep brachii
- brachiordialis
- extensor carpi radialis
- extensor digitorum
- extensor carpi ulnaris
- flexor carpi ulnaris
Lower Limbs
- gluteus medius
- gluteus maximus
- gracilis
- adductor magnus
- semimembranosus
- semitendinosus
- bicep femoris
- gastrocnemius
- fibularis longus
- soleus
- calcaneal (achilles) tendon
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Torso
- sternocleidomastoid
- trapezius
- infraspinatus
- teres major
- rhomboid major
- latissimus dorsi