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Alcohols, Addition polymerisation, fractional distilation and…
Alcohols
characteristics
neutral
colorless
don't covey electricty
can be oxidized
phisical properties
Boiling point increases with number of C atoms
They have higher boiling point than hydrocarbons with the same molecular mass
primary alcohol
OH in contact with 1 carbon
secondary alcohol
Oh in contact with 2 carbons
tertiary alcohol
Oh in contact with 3 carbons
Not hydrocarbon because there is oxygen
CₙH₂ₙ₊1 OH
in italian whe have the
...olo
at the end
in english we have
...ol
at the end
methanol is an exception (primary)
alkane + water --> alcohol
Addition polymerisation
Only alkenes
pressure
and a
catalyst
turn monomers into a polymer
n in the reactant is how many of the monomers there are in the reaction
n in the product is how many repeating units there are in the reaction
Ex: n = 10 then there are 10 ethene monomers and the polymer would have 10 repeating units
the number of
n
is the same in the reactand and in the product
propene --> polypropene
ethene --> polyethene
cloroethene --> polychloroethene
tetrafluoroethene --> polytetrafluoroethene
poly(and then the monomers name)
fractional distilation and fractionating column
separated in different groups of hydrocarbons with different boiling points in a refinery
gasoline 40
naphta 110
paraffin/korosene 180
diesel oil 260
fuel oil
lubrication oil
bitumen 340
boiling points are related to the nuber of carbon atoms
thermal cracking
750 degrees and 70 atm per 1 seconodo
if carbon is too big it doesn't work
reactant alkane
produces alkene
the reactant divides in two parts
and then these react to produce alkenes
can produce alkanes
Plastics
each plastic is connected via covalent bonds through
addition polymerisation
condensation polymerization
Fibers
bulky objects
films
Polymers are large organic macromolecules
They are made up of small repeating units called monomers
monomer join to form polymers thanks to polymerisation
Fossil Fuels
Factors that cause fossil fuels
tempertature
Organic matter
time
pressure conditions
Coal
fossil plants
Petroleum
fossil marine organisms
natural gas
fossile marine oganisms
comes from the era paleozoica
formed in the earths crust
Anaerobic respiration: Fermentation
C₆H₁₂O₆ --> 2C₂H₅OH + 2CO₂
Glucose --> ethanol + carbon dioxide
anaerobic respiration breaks down glucose into carbon dioxide with the release of energy
glucose = reactant
yeast = catalyst
Condensation polymerisation
condensation polymers
polyesters
Polyamides
2 different monomers are used to make a polyester
diol monomer
dicarboxylic acid monomer
these monomers form two water molecules which are lost
and the carbon atoms remaining for an ester link
this form a condensation polymer (polyester because of the ester link)
Catalytic cracking
divides a big carbon(alkane) into smaller carbons more valuble carbons
500 degrees temperature and a catalyst(zeolite)
more efficient than thermal but also more expensive
produces alkenes and alkanes