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Schizophrenia - Coggle Diagram

- - - - educating family members about schizophrenia;
      - demonstrating concern and empathy for all family members;
      - avoiding blaming the family or pathologizing their coping efforts;
      - identifying the strengths and competencies of the client and family members;
      - teaching skills for solving problems and managing stress within the family;
      - providing family members with strategies for coping with the symptoms of mental illness and its repercussions on the family; and
      - strengthening the communication skills of all family members
- - - - Phenothiazines are conventional antipsychotic drugs that decrease the severity of disordered thinking, decrease social withdrawal, alleviate hallucinations, and improve the mood of individuals with schizophrenia. Phenothiazines reduce dopamine activity in the brain by blocking dopamine receptor sites.
      - L-dopa is used to treat symptoms of Parkinson’s disease, such as muscle and limb rigidity and tremors. L-dopa increases levels of dopamine; schizophrenic-like side effects often occur in individuals with Parkinson’s disease who take this medication. (In contrast, the phenothiazines, which reduce dopamine activity, can produce side effects that resemble Parkinson’s disease.)
      - Amphetamines are stimulants that increase the availability of dopamine and norepinephrine (another neurotransmitter) in the brain. When individuals not diagnosed with schizophrenia use amphetamines, they sometimes show symptoms very much like those of acute paranoid schizophrenia. Also, even small doses of amphetamine can increase the severity of symptoms in individuals diagnosed with schizophrenia.
      - cannabis interacts with a schizophrenia risk gene (ZNF804A) to trigger psychosis
    - - luteal phase of their menstrual cycle (the period after ovulation), when estrogen levels are highest
      - women is because the protective effects of estrogen diminish after menopause
      - estrogen patch as an adjunct to antipsychotic medication in women of child-bearing age results in a greater reduction of symptoms compared to antipsychotic medication alone
      - estrogen replacement therapy for menopausal symptoms also report improved cognitive functioning
- - - - positive outcome include gender (women have a better outcome), higher levels of education, and having a higher premorbid level of functioning
      - married or have a network of friends; Lower levels of self-stigmatization and negative beliefs also increase the chances of recovery
- - - - Delusions of grandeur: Individuals may believe they are someone famous or powerful (from the present or the past).
      - Delusions of control: Individuals may believe that other people, animals, or objects are trying to influence or control them.
      - Delusions of thought broadcasting: Individuals may believe that others can hear or can control their thoughts.
      - Delusions of persecution: Individuals may believe that others are plotting against, mistreating, or even trying to kill them.
      - Delusions of reference: Individuals may believe they are the center of attention or that all happenings revolve around them.
      - Delusions of thought withdrawal: Individuals may believe that someone or something is removing thoughts from their mind.
      - paranoid ideation: or suspiciousness about the actions or motives of others as illustrated in the following case.
      - persecutory delusions: beliefs that others are plotting against them, talking about them, or out to harm them in some way
      - Capgras delusion: rare type of delusion involving a belief in the existence of identical doubles who replace significant others.
    - - hearing (auditory hallucination), seeing (visual hallucination), smelling (olfactory hallucination), touching (tactile hallucination), or tasting (gustatory hallucination)
  - - - avolition—profound apathy, including an inability to initiate or persist in goal-directed behavior;
      - alogia—a lack of meaningful speech;
      - asociality—minimal interest in social relationships;
      - anhedonia—reduced ability to experience pleasure from positive events; and
      - diminished emotional expression—reduced display of emotion involving facial expressions, voice intonation, or gestures in situations in which emotional reactions are expected.
- - - - Erotomania—the belief that someone is in love with the individual; this delusion typically has a romantic rather than sexual focus.
      - Grandiosity—the conviction that one has great, unrecognized talent, special abilities, or a relationship with an important person or deity.
      - Jealousy—the conviction that one’s spouse or partner is being unfaithful.
      - Persecution—the belief that one is being conspired or plotted against.
      - Somatic complaints—convictions of having body odor, being malformed, or being infested by insects or parasites.