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Instruction Sets: Characteristics and Functions - Coggle Diagram
Instruction Sets:
Characteristics and Functions
Machine instruction characteristics
Instruction types
Data movement: I/O instructions
Data storage: Movement of data into or out of register and or memory locations
Data processing: Arithmetic and logic instructions
Control: Test and branch instructions
Number of addresses
Two-Address Instructions and Their Limitations
One-Address Instructions and Their Simplicity
Comparison of One, Two, and Three-Address Instructions
Instruction representation
The instruction is divided into fields, corresponding to the constituent elements of the instruction.
Elements of a machine instruction
Result operand reference: The operation may produ
Source operand reference: The operation may involve one or more source operands.
Next instruction reference: This tells the processor where to fetch the next instruction after the execution of this instruction is complete.
Operation code: Specifies the operation to be performed (e.g., ADD, I/O)
Instruction set design
Programmer-Centric Approach
Fundamental Design Issues in Dispute
Instruction Set Design Complexity
Interconnected Design Issues
Types of operands
Characters
ASCII (International Reference Alphabet)
Compatibility Between Codes
Character Encoding for Data Processing and Communication
Logical data
Bit-Oriented View of Data
Advantages of the Bit-Oriented View
Data Type Determined by Operation
Numbers
Binary floating point
Decimal
Binary integer or binary fixed point
Types of operations
Conversion
EAS/390 Translate (TR) Instruction
Example of Using the TR Instruction
Conversion Instructions
Input/output
Memory-mapped programmed I/O
DMA
Isolated programmed I/O
Use of an I/O processor
Logical
Bit Manipulation Operations ("Bit Twiddling")
Basic Logical Operations on Binary Data
Arithmetic
Absolute: Take the absolute value of the operand
Increment: Add 1 to the operand
Negate: Negate the operand
Decrement: Subtract 1 from the operand
Transfer of control
Significance of Transfer-of-Control Operations
Reasons for Transfer-of-Control Operations
Sequential Execution of Instructions
Data transfer
The locations of the source and destination operands, which can be memory, registers, or the top of the stack.
The mode of addressing for each operand
The length of the data to be transferred, indicating the size of the operation.
System control
Branch
Skip
Procedure call