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Chapter 1 - Development - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Sensorimotor Stage : This stage occurs from birth to 2 years old. This is when infants want to explore their new environment(s) via their movements and sensors (hence the name). They will want to touch and feel several objects by grasping/sucking them to stimulate all 5 of their senses. They will also be highly egocentric and not be able to control themselves since they have no sense of it. Moreover, they will have no sense of individuality and they will mostly mimic actions from their environment for purposes of pleasure/fun.
        
        By the end of the 2yrs, they will develop something called object permanence. This is when infants are aware of the location in which objects are kept. For example, if you try to hide a child's toy, they will immediately be able to find it as they have developed a sense of object permanence.
        
        Pre-Operational Stage : This stage occurs from 2-7 years old, and a lot of development takes place here. This stage is divided into two parts -- the symbolic function stage occurring from 2-4 years old, and the intuitive thought stage occurring form 4-7 years old.
        
        Symbolic Function Stage : This stage is when children start trying to communicate with their environment by symbols or gestures. They may also be heavily into roleplay, meaning that they can substitute one object for several other objects (e.g - using a pencil as a sword, a chair as a throne, etc.). This creates their base for language development as they are now ready to try and communicate their needs or any information to other people in the environment.
        
        Moreover, they will also be experiencing animism and egocentrism. Animism is when they personify inanimate objects around them and treat them as if they were living beings (such as having a tea party with stuffed animals). Egocentrism is when a child/individual can only view the world through their own lens and cannot view other's perspectives. Lastly, they lack conservation abilities
        
        Intuitive Thought Stage : This is the stage where children start to develop some sort of logic/knowledge about the world. They start to develop a schema through their past experiences, and they're looking for more (experiences). In this stage, they will act like little scientists, trying to explore the world and gain some new information to understand more. It is better for them to not receive too many restrictions as it can halt their progress and discourage them from trying to explore, causing them to lose their creativity
        
        Concrete Operational Stage : This occurs at 7-12 years old. This is when children develop conservation abilities by understanding reversibility. They're also able to understand more ways of logical thinking and able to develop them such as classification, organization of objects based on their features(a.k.a - seriation). However, they're still unable to develop morality and understand more abstract concepts such as love, sadness, grief, and others which do not rely on logical and cognitive thinking.
        
        Formal Operational Stage : This occurs at 12+ years of age. This is when children start to explore the abstract concepts and start trying to understand how the world actually works. They will start to decentralize and be able to distinguish themselves from other people and the world/environment around them. They will also be able to view different perspective and develop things like empathy, compassion, etc. They will be able to understand things in a chronological order and be able to think about events that can happen in the past, present, and future.