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GLYCOGENESIS, Substrate, Reaction, Irreversible, Product, Enzymes,…
GLYCOGENESIS
Glucose storage
Organs: Muscle & Liver
Muscle
For ATP synthesis
Liver
Maintain blood glucose conc.
Intracellular: cytosol
Requirements
ATP
for phosphorylation of glucose = 1 ATP / glucose
UTP
for activation
Activators of glycogenesis
High blood glucose
ATP
Main molecules
Main Hormone
Insulin
Main Enzyme
Glycogen synthase
Pathway
Synthesis
G-1-P
UDP-glucose pyrophosphorylase
UDP Glucose, Pyrophosphate (PPi)
Formation of glycogen primer
UDP glucose
Glycogenin
Glycogen primer
Isomerization
G-6-P
Phosphoglucomutase
G-1-P
Glycogen assembly
Glycogen primer
Glycogen synthase
Glycogen chain
Phosphorylation
Glucose
Glucokinase (liver) Hexokinase (muscles/peripheral tissue)
G-6-P
Branching
Glycogen chain
Branching enzyme
Glycogen branches
Regulation of Glycogenesis
Allosteric regulation
G-6-P
: allosteric activator of glycogen synthase
Covalent Modification
Phosphorylation
INACTIVE
cAMP dependent protein kinase
Fasting
Glucagon & Epinephrine
Dephosphorylation
ACTIVE
Protein phosphatase
Well-fed
Insulin
Well fed state
Insulin activates G6P
Activates glycogen synthase = dephosphorylated
Fasting state
Epinephrine & Glucagon activates adenyl cyclase
Inhibits glycogen synthase = phosphorylated by PKA
ATP to cAMP --> activates cAMP dependent protein kinase /PKA
Substrate
Reaction
Irreversible
Product
Enzymes
Irreversible
activated glucose
Irreversible
Rate limiting
Activity of glycogen synthase
Enzyme
State
Hormone