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JOINTS, MOVEMENTS, 6 Classes of Synovial joints; determined by shape and…
JOINTS
SYNOVIAL Diarthrosis
Anatomy: articular cartilage on ends of bones, joint capsule: fibrous capsule and synovial membrane, joint cavity: synovial fluid. Bone, ligament, periosteum
Synovial fluid: albumin, hyaluronic acid. Lubricates, nourishes, removes wastes.
Synovial membrane
fibroblast-like cells secrete fluid, macrophages remove debris
Joint Capsules & Ligaments; lamellar corpuscles, sensory nerve endings=brain monitors limb positions, joint movement.
Articular disc: thin plate of fibrocartilage separates synovial cavities. Absorb shock and pressure, glide, stabilize.
Temporomandibular, menisci's, sternoclavicular, acromioclavicular, ulna and carpal bones.
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Range of Motion:
shape of bone surfaces
Strength and tautness of ligaments and joint capsules, muscles and tendons; muscle tone.
Axes of Rotation: Transverse, frontal, sagittal planes; shoulder is ball and socket; 3 degrees of freedom/multiaxial. Joints that move on 1 or 2 planes=monaxial or biaxial.
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BONY
GAP FUSES; Ilium ,ischium, pubis. L&R frontal and mandibular bones, epiphyses and diaphysis. Older rib 1 and sternum.
MOVEMENTS
SPECIAL MOVEMENTS:
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Bending at the hip so the upper body comes froward= anterior flexion of the spine, lateral flexion to the side. Rotation of the waste=twist crack back, head side to side=rotation of head.
Ulnar flexion, wrist tilts toward little finger. Radial flexion; wrist tilts toward thumb. Palmar abduction of thumb=out, opposition of thumb=thumb touching pinky. Radial abduction of thumb=hand on table fingers together thumb out.
Dorsiflexion=toes up Plantar flexion=toes down. Inversion=soles together. Eversion=soles outward. Pronation=dorsiflexion, eversion, abduction Supination= plantar flexion, inversion, adduction
Flexion and Extension/hyperextension: wrist, elbow, shoulder, hip, knee
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Elevation and Depression, frontal plane, scapula and jaw.
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Circumduction; finger, hand, thigh, foot, trunk, head
Rotation; humerus medial rotation, lateral rotation. Femur; pointing toes in and out
Supination (palms forward; parallel) and Pronation (palms backward; X) Head of radius spins on capitulum of humerus, edge of disc spins on radial notch of ulna
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