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Research task on Monoclonal antibodies, Location of blood clots, It leads…

- - - - Test site. hCG bound to the free antibody (and by extension the dye enzyme) enters the test site. Here, the hCG-free antibody complex will bind to another fixed antibody using hCG. This will bring the enzyme (attached to the complex) close to a dye substrate - a reaction occurs, causing a colour change.
        
        Control site. There is fixed antibody in the control site. This will bind to any free antibody (not bound to hCG), and cause a colour change here.
        
        If a person is not pregnant, the free antibody moves through the test site, and instead binds to the fixed antibody in the control site, causing a colour change here.
        
        If a person is pregnant, the hCG-free antibody complex will form in the reaction site, and this complex binds in the test site, causing a colour change here, Some free antibody will still pass to the control site, so you will see two stripes.
- - - - Genetically modifying the antibody polypeptide chains so that the amino acid sequences are now human not mouse or rabbit sequences.
      - Altering the type and position of the sugar groups (antibodies are glycoproteins) attached to the heavy polypeptide chains to reflect those found on human antibodies.
- - - - The plasma cells are then fused with tumour cells forming hybridomas that produce antifibrin antibodies
        
        To detect where the antibodies are binding to fibrin molecules, a radioactive chemical (producing gamma radiation) is attached to the antibodies making them radioactively labelled.
        
        A gamma-ray camera is used to detect where these radioactively labelled antibodies have attached to be fibrin molecule, hance indicating where blood clots can be found.