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CARBOHYDRATE DIGESTION, Glycosidase Involved, Products, Catalytic Sites,…

- - - - Soluble fiber
        
        Pectins, mucilages, gums
        
        Dissolves in water
        
        Fermented in colon
        
        Delays gastric emptying
        
        Turned to Hydrogen, CO2, Methane
      - Insoluble fiber
        
        Cellulose, hemicellulose, lignins
        
        Does not dissolve in water
        
        Not digested / fermented
        
        Provides bulking = for constipation
        
        Absorbs H2O for easy pooping 💩
- - - - Senses food = activate neural center
  - - - Neural and hormonal mechanism = gastric secretion
  - - - Stimulates bile & pancreatic juice
- - - - Glucoamylase complex
        
        Glucose
    - - B-glycosidase complex
        
        Glucose + Galactose
    - - Sucrase-isomaltase complex
        
        Glucose + Fructose
    - - Trehalase complex
        
        Glucose
    - - Sucrase-isomaltase complex
        
        Glucose
    - - Sucrase-Isomaltase complex
        
        Sucrase-isomaltase site
        
        Hydrolyzes 100% of sucrose, maltose, maltotriose
        
        Isomaltase maltase site
        
        Hydrolyzes a-1,4 & a-1,6 bonds
      - Glucoamylase / Maltase complex
        
        Exoglycosidase specific for a-1,4 bonds
        
        Cleavage at non-reducing ends
      - B-glycosidase complex
        
        in brush border
        
        Lactase catalytic site / B-galactosidase
        
        hydrolyzes B-bond in lactose
        
        Phlorizin hydrolase / Glucosylceramidase
        
        hydrolyzes B-bond in glycolipids
        
        Bet. Glu, Gal, Ceramide
      - Trehalase complex
        
        hydrolyzes a-1,1 bond in trehalose
        
        Trehalose: 2 glucosyl units linked between anomeric carbon; non-reducing
  - - - ↑ sugar consumption = ↑ enzyme = ↑ breakdown
      - SMIT: Sucrose, Maltose, Isomaltose, Trehalase
    - - Amount of sugar NOT EQUAL to Amount of enzyme
      - Lactase
- - - - Luminal and Serosal side
        
        High to low concentration
        
        Fructose enters via GLUT 5, leaves via GLUT 2
        
        Fructose, Glucose, Galactose enters via GLUT 2
      - GLUT3
        
        Brain / Neuron
        
        High affinity
        
        Major transporter in CNS
      - GLUT4
        
        ASH
        
        Adipose
        
        Skeletal muscle
        
        Heart
        
        Insulin-sensitive transporter
        
        High affinity
        
        ↑ insulin = ↑ GLUT4
      - GLUT2
        
        Liver
        
        Kidney
        
        Intestinal mucosa
        
        High capacity, low affinity
        
        Glucose sensor in pancreas
      - GLUT5
        
        Intestinal epithelium
        
        Spermatozoa
        
        Fructose transporter
      - GLUT1
        
        RBC
        
        BBB
        
        Blood-retinal barrier
        
        Blood placental barrier
        
        Blood testis barrier
        
        In cells with barrier functions
        
        High affinity glucose transporter
    - - Luminal side
        
        Secondary active transport
        
        Glucose against concentration gradient
        
        Does not use ATP
        
        Maintained by Na-K ATPase
        
        Transports glucose/ galactose + Na+ into the cell
        
        1:2 ratio
- - - - Rapid rise, rapid fall in sugar
        
        Stimulates hepatic lipogenesis & visceral fat deposition
        
        Before & After exercise
        
        Chips, biscuits, cakes, potatoes, watermelon, white bread, processed food
  - - - High in fat, low in carb/fiber
        
        Before exercise
        
        Basmati rice, vegetables, lentils, pasta, wholegrain bread, oats, oranges
  - - - GL = GI/100 x CHO (gms/serving)