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Cultural Anthropology - Coggle Diagram

- - - - A way of viewing the world from a first person point of view
      - Based on normalization in personal worldview
      - Assumes one's own culture is the best, and other cultures are "working towards" to be like the "best" culture
      - Anthropologists should NEVER think this way, however understanding the concept is essential in order to recognize when you are being ethnocentric
  - - - Understanding culture on one's own terms
    - - The idea that each culture has own particular adaptation based on environmental conditions
  - - - Understanding of structures and how those change
    - - systematic approach to fieldwork in which the researchers does long term participation with what they are studying
    - - Has now been proven wrong
      - Systems, beliefs, and culture serves a function and fulfills a basic psychological need
      - Limitations
        
        Viewing culture with a bias
        
        Does not create in-depth understanding
        
        Does not account for change
- - - - Use a neutral description because words have impact
      - Ex: The Nacirema
- - - - Epigenetics
        
        Impacts gene expression that then affects offspring
        
        Changes in gene expression based on environmental factors
      - Human variation is more like a cline than distinct groups
  - - - Survey
      - Excavation
      - Remote Sensing
      - Lab Analysis
    - - Social strifications
      - Bioarchaeology
      - Artifact analysis
      - Relative dating or Absolute dating
- - - - Societal derision and social pressure
      - Cultural institutions i.e. school, media, family, politics, religion
      - Violence
  - - - Exerting control through an act that is overt
    - - Exerting control by acting within constraints
        
        Ex: Wayward Women
  - - - Imagined in this context meaning that most of the population do not know each other, however they know that they exist and are apart of the nation
    - - Deep time
      - Printing Press
      - Decline of religion
    - - Benedict Anderson
        
        Deep horizontal comradeship
        
        Willingness to die for the nation
        
        As imagined as is sovreign
      - Claudio Lomnitz
        
        Everyone is equal
        
        Different people have different relationships with the nation
        
        The majority is not willing to die for the nation
    - - Faith in the nation itself
      - One's future is based on the future of the nation
      - Jingoism
        
        A type of nationalism that justifies violence and harm
  - - - Gender Identity
        
        What the individual identifies as
        
        Hijra
        
        Two-Spirit
      - Assigned Gender
        
        An individuals gender that was assigned to them at birth
        
        Based on external genitalia
      - Gender Expression
        
        How people outwardly express themselves as their gender identity
        
        Influenced by hegemonic norms
  - - - Pastoralism
      - Horticulturalist
      - Market
      - Gather and Hunt
      - Capitalism
      - Potlatch/Reciprocity
      - Bands
      - Tribes
      - Chiefdoms
      - States
      - Neolithic Ecology
        
        A series of small steps transitioning from gathering and hunting to horticulture and farming
        
        Effects
        
        Unhealthier, more sedentary lives
        
        Population Growth
        
        Readily available food source
        
        Hierarchal social arrangements
        
        Specialization of labor
  - - - Habitus
        
        Ingrained habits, mannerisms, style, values
        
        Most people are unaware of their own habitus and class until confronted with it
    - - Capitalism
        
        Goods and services are produced for profitable exchange-down to the most basic of necessities of life
        
        Ex: Healthcare, paying for food and water
        
        Producers depend on the market for access to the means of production
        
        Means of Production: resources and materials for a product
        
        Owners control the means of production privately
        
        Workers sell their labor and the company decides the worth
        
        Workers are then exploited in order to produce a large profit for the owners of the means of production
        
        Capitalism alienates a person from their species being, then the workers are alienated from the product they make
        
        The species being: ability to produce conscious life activity outside of meeting your basic needs
        
        Commodity Fetishism: masking of human relations behind a product
        
        Allows for exploitation to keep costs down
        
        Karl Marx
        
        Critiqued capitalism and witnessed the changes of industrial capitalism
        
        Believed that eventually class tensions will emerge and the workers will then rise up against the owners
        
        Max Weber
        
        The Protestant Ethic
        
        Religious ideology that believes that if one is materially successful, then they are fulfilling God's will
        
        This has evolved to mean that one's value is connected to their work
        
        In today's world, if you are materially successful, then you worked hard and deserve it
        
        Doesn't consider social capital or the hard work of others that are not materially successful
        
        Endorses exploitation
        
        Structural Violence
        
        A systematic, ongoing, and invisible social arrangement that informs people's access to resources
        
        John Galtung
        
        Scholar of peace
        
        Negative Peace: armed conflict ends, root causes of inequities continue
        
        Positive Peace: structural conditions of inequities are addressed
        
        Often see structural violence instead of positive peace