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CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM, Connected by hemiacetal group, ABBA, Carbon 1…

- - - - Anaerobic glycolysis (lactate dehydrogenase)
        
        Lactate
  - - - Provides NADPH
        
        Fatty acid synthesis
      - Provides Ribose
        
        Nucleic acid synthesis
  - - - Synthesis of TAG
  - - - Lactate
      - Amino acid
      - Glycerol
- - - - Glucose, galactose
  - - - Fructose
- - - - Position isomer
        
        Different location of functional group
      - Functional group isomer
        
        different functional group
      - Chain isomer
        
        different C & H order
- - - - All monosaccharides, maltose, lactose
    - - Open cyclized sugar to chain form
  - - - Sucrose & Trehalose
- - - - -OH Below the ring
    - - -OH Above the ring
- - - - O-glycosidic bond: bonded to OH
      - N-glycosidic bond: bonded to NH2
  - - - Maltose
        
        Isomaltose
        
        a-glucose
        
        a-glucose
        
        1 --> 6
        
        glucose + glucose
        
        a-glucose
        
        a-glucose
        
        1 --> 4
        
        Grains, cereals
      - glucose + galactose
        
        [B-galactose]
        
        a-glucose
        
        1--> 4
      - Milk
    - - a-glucose
        
        [B-fructose]
        
        1 --> 2
- - - - 20-30% of starch
        
        Straight polymer
        
        Linear: a-1,4 linkage
        
        Iodine addition: blue
        
        Hydrolyzed by a & b amylase completely
    - - 70-80% of starch
        
        Branched polymer
        
        Linear: a-1,4
        
        Branched: a-1,6
        
        Iodine addition: reddish brown
        
        Not completely hydrolyzed
      - Branching every 24-30 glucose units
      - More soluble
  - - - Branched chain: a-1,6
  - - - B-1,4: cannot be metabolized/ unable to digest due to lack of cellulase
  - - - Amylopectin & Glycogen: only branched polysaccharide