Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
CULTURE AND SOCIALISATION, AGENCIES OF SOCIALISATION, PRIMARY…
CULTURE AND SOCIALISATION
TYPES OF CULTURE
Popular culture
- Cultural products and activities that are enjoyed by the majority of people. Seen negatively as ‘mass culture eg. Football.
Global culture
- Culture becoming universal/global.
McLuhan
- Global village
Consumer culture
- Excessive consumption is a norm, shopping is a goal linked to status.
High culture
- High status cultural activities. Sociologists argue it is becoming more accessible to all.
Bourdieu
- High culture is linked to the power of the group that supports it. So high culture is linked to the upper class.
DEFINITIONS
Norm
Expected patterns of behaviour that are based on values eg. holding the door open.
Mead
- Chambri tribe demonstrated opposing gender roles to those of the USA and the UK; females were aggressive and dominant whilst males were emotionally dependent.
Culture
Culture is the way of life, customs and beliefs of a particular group of people at a particular time.
CULTURAL DIVERSITY
CULTURAL HYBRIDITY
NATURE V NURTURE
The basic, inherent features, characteristics of something. Behaviour is genetically inherited.
Care for and protect whilst they are growing. Behaviour is learnt from environment we have grown up in.
Feral
children
- They have had limited human contact and not received primary socialisation which shows us how important it is.
Isabel the "chicken girl"
- She had been left in a chicken pen and developed the behaviour of chickens eg. drumming feet. As a result of malnutrition she was physically malformed.
Genie
- She had had almost no human contact until the age of 13. She was locked away in a room strapped to a chair with no human interaction or stimulation for over 10 years. When released, a result of being shut away she could not speak fluently and spent the rest of her life in care.
Oxana Malaya
- She had been left in a kennel with dogs and learnt their behaviours eg. barking and running on all fours.
Bouchard twins
- He researched identical twins who had been separated at birth and had completely different upbringings and when they were reunited years later they displayed shocking similarities.
Bruce Reimer
- He was a twin boy but after a circumcision gone wrong Dr Money believed he could be nurtured into becoming a girl. However, as he got older he became very unhappy and he was told the truth and decided to return to being male, but years later he took his own life due to the trauma.
AGENCIES OF SOCIALISATION
Family
Family play a key role in primary socialisation teaching the basic norms and values. From this children learn acceptable behaviours.
Peer Group
Individuals learn acceptable behaviour from peer group in desire to "fit in" known as conformity, it is more influential than family, and there are often hierarchies.
Skelton and Francis
- Discovered gendered play at school. Boys dominating and girls taking part in separate activities.
Sue Lees
- Pressure on teenage girls by peers eg. double standards surrounding boys and girls sexual behaviour.
Tony Sewell
- Uses the concept of "cultural comfort zones" to describe the way in which we like to associate ourselves with people who are similar to us.
Judith Harris
- discovered peer group is more influential than family.
Media
Mulvey
- "Male gaze" the camera in films "eyes up" female characters. To encourage viewers to assess and criticise their own bodies and appearances from a male perspective.
Media is one of the most important agencies as it is so influential to todays society. It comes in various forms such as the internet, TV, films, magazines and games.
Can influence things such as violence through video games, it has acted as a catalyst for consumer culture and has the power to influence culture.
Young
- Argues media has created a "bulimic society" the constant desire to binge on everything and anything, even those with little money who worship success and wealth yet they are excluded from that reality.
Religion
Modood
and
Berthoud
- Surveyed young people and discovered that 67% of Pakistanis and Bangladeshis viewed religion as "very important' compared to 5% of white British youths.
As an agent of socialisation it is on the decline for most, society is becoming more secular. However, it can be argued many norms and values are based off of Christianity in the UK.
Workplace
Waddington
- Came up with the term "canteen culture" to describe the set of norms and values used by people that work in a particular organisation will be socialised to accept.
Key agent of socialisation for adults. There are formal and informal controls.
Education
Everyone learns the curriculum based off of society's language and culture, which reflects its values.
Bowles and Gintis
- Marxists who studied the "hidden curriculum" and claimed it brainwashed children into obedience and unquestioning attitude to teach children to accept their place in society.
PRIMARY SOCIALISATION
Ours parents and families are our "Primary socialisation" through them norms and values are established.
Talcott
Parsons
- Primary socialisation is one of the "basic" functions performed by the family.
Judith
Harris
- Concluded that peer group was more important than family in shaping identity.
Furedi
- The parent role has changed. Traditionally “good” parents tried to care for and stimulate their children. Now they see their main task as protecting their child from danger.
SOCIAL CONTROL
Ways in which our behaviour is controlled. This can be either through formal or informal controls.
Formal
- Police, courts, government, military, sanctions.
Informal
- Family, peers, religion, work, media.
Subculture
- A culture within a culture.
Value
Beliefs and ideas that society sees as important eg. respect.
Variety of cultures found in a diverse society with varying norms and values.
A merging of two or more cultures
Example: Braisians