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Early Adulthood - Coggle Diagram

- - - - move from hypothetical to PRAGMATIC THOUGHT
        
        uses logic to solve real-world problems
        
        accept contradicitions
        
        compromise.
      - gain cognitive-affective complexity
        
        aware of conflicting positive & negative feelings
        
        then make them into a complex + organised structure.
        
        promotes greater awareness of one's own + others perspective & motivations.
    - - choosing a career
      - gradual process:
        
        Fantasy period:
        
        children
        
        fantasizing about career options
        
        little relation to eventual decisions.
        
        Tentative period:
        
        11-16
        
        evaluate careers in terms of interests + abilities + values.
        
        Realistic period:
        
        late teens + early 20s
        
        more exploration + more information about possibilities
        
        then CRYSTALISATION
        
        focus on category & experiment before settling on 1 option.
      - some go through this process
      - influences
        
        Personality:
        
        Social person:
        
        being with people
        
        human services.
        
        social work.
        
        Realistic person:
        
        real-world problems + working with objects
        
        mechanical occupations.
        
        construction.
        
        Artistic person:
        
        emotional + need for individual expression
        
        artistic field.
        
        music/visual arts.
        
        Conventional person:
        
        well-structured tasks + material possessions + social status
        
        business fields.
        
        banking, quality control.
        
        Enterprising person:
        
        adventurous + strong leader
        
        sales + politics.
        
        Investigative person:
        
        working with ideas
        
        scientific occupation.
        
        engineer.
        
        parents' provision of education + information + encouragement.
        
        Gender stereotypes:
        
        dramatic sex differences
        
        less women in male dominated fields
        
        lawyers, engineers.
        
        more women in traditional feminine fields
        
        social work, education, nursing.
    - - personal effort + social experiences = increasingly
        
        rational,
        
        flexible,
        
        practical thinking
    - - balance of emotional/social network
      - improvements:
        
        planning
        
        reasoning
        
        decision-making
    - - Dualistic thinking:
        
        right & wrong
        
        accept what they are taught.
      - Relativistic thinking:
        
        aware of multiple truths, all relative to its context.
      - Commitment within relativistic thinking:
        
        try formulate more personal perspective
        
        to make coherent whole.
- - - - Vision
        
        ages >30
        
        lose focus for close objects
        
        visual acuity steadily decreases until 70 (then accelerates)
      - Hearing
        
        ages >30
        
        sensitivity declines (more so high frequencies)
        
        decline x2 more rapid for MEN
      - Taste
        
        ages >60
        
        distribution of taste buds on tongue declines
        
        less sensitive to bitter, sweet, sour, and salty flavours
      - Smell
        
        ages >60
        
        loss of smell receptors
        
        less able to detect odours
    - - Respiratory
        
        after physical exertion = decreased capacity + increased breathing rate
        
        chest muscles and tissues stiffen = hard for lungs to fully expand
      - Cardiovascular
        
        heart muscle becomes rigid = heart rate decreases
        
        artery wall stiffen + build up plaque = reduced blood flow
        
        Heart Disease
        
        has decreased due to improved diet, medication, treatment & decreased smoking
        
        can be induced by stress
        
        Atherosclerosis
        
        heavy deposits of cholesterol & fat collect in main arteries
        
        very serious illness
      - Muscular
        
        tendons & ligaments stiffen = reduced speed and flexibility
        
        speed & strength muscle fibres decline in number & size, more so than muscles for endurance
      - Immune
        
        protection declines after 20
        
        disease-fighting cells slow in maturation = impairing immune response
      - Skeletal
        
        starts late 30s - fast in 50s- slows in 70s
        
        more rapid in WOMEN
        
        cartilage in joints = thins & cracks
        
        mineral content of bones decline = weakened bones thus also skeleton
        
        more vulnerable to fractures
      - Reproductive
        
        Women - declines after 35
        
        capacity declines with decrease quality & quantity of ova
        
        risk of having baby with chromosomal disorder
        
        delayed childbearing
        
        increased birth rate after 25
        
        x6 in 30s
        
        Men - declines after 40
        
        semen volume & sperm mobility decreases after 35
        
        abnormal sperm % increases
        
        elevates miscarriage rates + success of reproductive technologies
      - Nervous
        
        ages >50
        
        neurones lose water content & die
        
        mostly in cortex, then ventricles enlarge
        
        new neurones & new synapses can compensate for decline
      - Skin
        
        epidermis = less tight to dermis
        
        dermis & hypodermis thin
        
        loose skin + less elastic + wrinkled
        
        more rapid in WOMEN
        
        fat cells in hypodermis decline
      - Hair
        
        ages >35
        
        greys & thins
      - Height
        
        ages >50
        
        decreased bone strength = collapse disks
        
        loss of up to 5cm by 70s
      - Weight
        
        increases until 50 then declines from 60
        
        increase = rise of fat + decline in muscle & bone
        
        fat goes to torso & less on extremities
    - - speed, strength, gross-motor coordination peaks @ early 20s
      - endurance, steadiness, aim peak @ late 20s / early 30s
      - inactivity = largely responsible for decline in motor performance
    - - early adulthood = very stressful
        
        more depressive symptoms than middle adulthood
      - can contribute to cardiovascular disease + types of cancers + gastrointestinal problems
- - - - Feeling in-between
        
        not adolescent but also not adult.
      - identity exploration
        
        love, work, world views.
      - self-focused
        
        lacking obligations.
      - instability
        
        changes in relationships, work, living situations.
      - possibilities
        
        multiple life directions.
    - - more complex self-concept.
  - - - emotionally fulfilling relationship
        
        challenging
        
        give up some independent self
        
        include partners' values and interests.
        
        negative outcome:
        
        loneliness & self-absorbtion.
      - secure identity = attaining intimacy
        
        identity achievement
        
        fidelity + love.
        
        identity moratorium
        
        lack of fidelity + love.
      - Successful resolution
        
        improve society + caring for children.
  - - - to revise life structure.
        
        is the design of a person's life
        
        relationships
        
        conflicts & balance among them.
        
        individual roles
      - tasks + conflicts.
      - early adulthood = construct a DREAM
        
        guide their decision making.
      - age 30 - second transition
        
        lead some to find marriage and some to pursue goals.
  - - - intimacy.
    - - career consolidation.
    - - strengthening generativity.
  - - - attaining them = confidence
        deviating from them = psychological distress
      - have become flexible
      - deviations could lead to intergenerational tension.
  - - - go through 3 stages:
        
        Intimacy:
        
        tender communication, caring self-disclosure
        
        emotional component
        
        favour intimacy & commitment.
        
        Commitment
        
        decide in love and maintain that love
        
        cognitive component
        
        Passion:
        
        sexual activity & romance
        
        physical + arousal component
        
        strong in beginning of relationship
      - Compassionate love
        
        warm, trusting affection and valuing each other.
        
        most fundamental
        
        alleviate other's distress and promote their growth.
  - - - live on own, then marry and have children
    - - parenting responsibilities
    - - retirement, growing old, death of spouse.
    - - major step
      - can sometimes be delayed
    - - having kids is an individual choice
        
        depending on financial situation, personal values, career goals, health conditions, workplace family policies.
      - increased responsibilities
        
        shared caregiving
        
        leads to greater parental happiness and positive interaction with child.
      - marriages remain so after birth
        
        but troubled marriages become more distressed.