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Muscular Skeletal System, , Kinar 11A - Coggle Diagram
Muscular Skeletal System
Muscles
Cardiac muscles
Cardiac muscles, also known as myocardium, are a specialized type of muscle tissue found in the heart. The heart is a vital organ that pumps blood throughout the body, supplying oxygen and nutrients to the cells and removing waste products.
Appearance: Cardiac muscles in the heart appear striated under a microscope due to organized proteins in elongated cells connected by intercalated discs. These structures enable synchronized, involuntary contractions essential for the heart's pumping function, supported by abundant mitochondria for energy.
Function:
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Circulation Support: They generate the force necessary for the continuous flow of blood, supplying oxygen and nutrients throughout the body.
Involuntary Function: Unlike skeletal muscles, cardiac muscles operate involuntarily, ensuring the heart beats rhythmically without conscious control.
Coordinated Contraction: The coordinated contraction and relaxation of cardiac muscles allow for efficient pumping and circulation.
Endurance: Cardiac muscles are adapted for sustained endurance, crucial for the heart's continuous and reliable operation.
Specialized Structure: The striated appearance, intercalated discs, and high mitochondria concentration are specialized features supporting their function.
The muscular system is an organ system. It permits movement of the body, maintains posture, and circulates blood throughout the body
Smooth Muscles
Smooth muscles are non-striated, involuntary muscles found in the walls of internal organs like the digestive tract and blood vessels. Controlled by the autonomic nervous system, they facilitate essential functions such as digestion and blood vessel regulation. With a spindle-shaped cell structure, these muscles contract involuntarily, contributing to the coordinated movements of internal organs and the maintenance of organ tone
Function
Digestive System Movement: Smooth muscles in the walls of the digestive tract, such as the stomach and intestines, contract rhythmically to propel and mix food along the digestive process.
Blood Vessel Regulation: The smooth muscles in blood vessel walls help regulate blood pressure by adjusting the diameter of the vessels, controlling blood flow to different parts of the body.
Respiratory System: Smooth muscles in the bronchi and bronchioles of the respiratory system control the diameter of the airways, influencing airflow and contributing to the regulation of breathing.
Urinary System Function: Smooth muscles in the walls of the urinary bladder contract to expel urine during micturition, while those in the ureters help move urine from the kidneys to the bladder.
Reproductive System: Smooth muscles play a role in various reproductive functions, including the contraction of the uterus during childbirth and the movement of sperm through the reproductive tract.
Organ Tone Maintenance: Smooth muscles help maintain a baseline level of contraction in various organs, ensuring that they are ready to respond to changes in physiological demands.
Controlled Contractions: Unlike skeletal muscles under voluntary control, smooth muscles contract involuntarily, allowing for sustained and controlled contractions necessary for the continuous functioning of internal organs.
Skeletal Muscle
Function: The skeletal muscles are a vital part of your musculoskeletal system, and serve in
- voluntary movement,
- maintaining posture & stability,
- expanding and contracting your chest for breathing,
- projecting joints and holding them in place.
Skeletal muscles make up 30-40% of body mass and are located all throughout the bones in your body. They are voluntary muscles, meaning you control how and when they move and work. Nerves in your somatic nervous system send signals to make them function.
Appearance: Skeletal muscles are striated, red and white. They consist of flexible muscle fibres that range from less than half an inch to just over three inches in diameter. These fibres usually span the length of the muscle—the fibres contract which allows the muscles to move bones.
Skeleton
Long bones
Characterized by their elongated shape and are found in the limbs. (femur, humerus, radius, and ulna)
Function: Support, Movement, Storage, Hematopoiesis
Short bones
Roughly cube-shaped or box-like appearance. Unlike long bones, short bones do not have a shaft (diaphysis) and two distinct ends (epiphyses). Instead, they have a more compact structure, and their length is comparable to their width.
Examples: Carpals, Tarsals, Metacarpals, Sesamoid Bones
Function: Short bones provide support and stability, and their structure is well-suited for facilitating controlled movements. While they do not play a significant role in long-range movement like long bones, short bones are crucial for local movement and joint stability, essential for overall musculoskeletal function.
Flat bones
Characterized by their thin, flattened shape. These bones are composed of two layers of compact bone sandwiching a layer of spongy or trabecular bone. The structure of flat bones provides protection for internal organs and serves as a site for muscle attachment. Additionally, flat bones play a role in the production of blood cells.
Examples: Skull bones, Scapula, Sternum, Ribs, Pelvic Bone
Bones are rigid, connective tissue structures that make up the skeletal system in vertebrates, providing support, protection, and facilitating movement. The human skeleton consists of 206 bones of various shapes and sizes. Bones have a complex structure that includes both mineralized and non-mineralized tissues.
Pathology Conditions
Muscle
Muscular Dystrophy: This group of genetic disorders involves progressive muscle degeneration and weakness. Duchenne muscular dystrophy is one example, characterized by the absence of a protein called dystrophin.
Skeleton
Osteoporosis: Characterized by a reduction in bone density, osteoporosis makes bones fragile and more prone to fractures. It often occurs in postmenopausal women and elderly individuals.
Joints
Osteoarthritis (OA): This is a degenerative joint disease characterized by the breakdown of joint cartilage over time. It commonly affects weight-bearing joints like the knees, hips, and spine, causing pain and stiffness.
Joints
Flexible Joint
Allows wide range of movement due to the presence of synovial fluid. The fluid lubricates the joints, reducing friction and allowing smooth movement between the articulating bones.
Ball-and-Socket Joint: This type of joint allows movement in multiple directions, including rotation. Examples include the hip and shoulder joints.
Hinge Joint: These joints permit movement primarily in one plane, allowing for flexion and extension. Examples include the knee and elbow joints.
Pivot Joint: This joint allows rotational movement around a central axis. An example is the joint between the atlas and axis vertebrae in the neck.
Condyloid (Ellipsoidal) Joint: Permits movement in two planes without rotation. An example is the joint at the base of the index finger.
Saddle Joint: Allows a greater range of movement similar to a condyloid joint. The joint at the base of the thumb is an example.
Fixed Joint
A fixed joint allows no movement in between bones, rigidly fusing together. It allows for stability, support and protection. Characterized by the absence of a joint cavity and typically have fibrous connective tissue holding the bones together.
Sutures: These are joints found in the skull where adjacent bones are united by a thin layer of fibrous connective tissue. Sutures allow for a minimal amount of movement during growth and development but are considered immovable in adulthood.
Syndesmoses: These joints involve bones connected by a ligament or an interosseous membrane, allowing for a limited amount of movement. An example is the distal tibiofibular joint.
Joints, also known as articulations, are structures in the body where two or more bones come together. Joints play a crucial role in allowing movement, providing flexibility, and supporting various physical activities.
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