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THE FRENCH REVOLUTION, image, image, image, image, image, image, image,…
THE FRENCH REVOLUTION
DIFFICULT TIMES FOR THE MONARCHY
France
Last third of the 18th century
Under the reign of Louis XVI
Model of absolute monarchy
Ruled under the principles of enlightened despotism
Large segments of the population
Demand a change of regime
Criticise the situation
In 1789
FACTORS THAT TRIGGERED THE REVOLUTION
Economic crisis
After Seven Yars' War
France lost
Canada
Possessions of India and Africa against Great Britain.
Political unrest
Garet political unrest in Paris
King and queen
criticised
more than 25,000 books of grievances
described their complaints and demands in these books.
Inequality before the law
Noblemen and clerics did not pay direct taxes
The bourgeoisie and the peasantry did pay taxes
Example of the United States
French people
fought in the American War of Independence
Social inequalities
No longer meet the demand for food during poor harvests
Parisians went hungry and had no resources
Liberal ideas of the Enlightenment
Become popular
amongst the
nobility
clergy
Criticism of absolutism
Division of society into estates
widespread
PHASES OF THE FRENCH REVOLUTION
NATIONAL CONSTITUENT ASSEMBLY (1789–1791)
introduced reforms
abolishing feudal privileges
establishing censitary suffrage.
Storming of the Bastille
Separated powers and incorporated the Declaration of the Rights of Man
King Louis XVI
Attempted to conspire against the new regime
but is detained in the Tuileries Palace
LEGISLATIVE ASSEMBLY (1791–1792)
Constitution approved
Three political tendencies
the Girondins
moderates
supporters of the parliamentary monarchy
the Jacobins
radical
supporters of the Republic
the Plain
majority
Absolutist powers attack France
sans-culottes rise up
executive power of the king is suspended
THE ESTATES-GENERAL (1789)
King Louis XVI assembles the Estates-General to address financial issues
Estates include the
clergy
with voting based on estates
nobility
commoners
Disagreement over voting system leads to dissolution
Third Estate
Declare themselves the sole representatives of the French people
NATIONAL CONVENTION (1792–1795)
Assumed legislative and executive powers
Republic proclaimed in September 1792
Louis XVI is removed and executed
Jacobins gained control
Led to radical measures and the abolition of slavery
'The Terror' began
with Robespierre's Committee ordering executions
Moderates
carry out a coup d'état in 1794
leading to the 'White Terror'
new Constitution is drafted but never approved
THE DIRECTORY (1795–1799)
New Constitution in 1795
established the Directory with
Less open rights
Freedoms
Constant external threats and internal instability lead to
conspiracies
rebellions
Lack of definitive victory abroad and internal strife
result in a coup d'état
THE CONSULATE (1799–1804)
General Napoleon Bonaparte
led a coup d'état in 1799
New Constitution grants power to the Consulate
allowing Napoleon to rule authoritatively
became the first consul of the Republic
marking the end of the revolutionary process in 1804
