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Britain Health and the People - Coggle Diagram

- - - - proved brain controlled body dissected animals to study anatomy but was inaccurate in many places but church did not let people disprove him
      - Arteries carry blood but thought that it was created in the liver and used up everyday
      - Thought blood passes through tiny holes in the heart
    - - Said pus in wounds was bad, disagreeing with galen
    - - Set up Guild of surgeons
      - Specialized in anal abscesses
      - wrote surgical manual of greek and arabic knowledge combined with hsi from 100 year war
  - - - Accurate observations about Pulmonary system (Heart and lung connected), first person to disprove galen by realising the heart pumped blood around the body but not accepted by church
      - Drew detailed diagrams and wrote "The comprehensive book on medicine" which contained surgical techniques
      - Stressed Clinical observation
  - - - Ligatures(tying off blood vessels) and instead of boiling oil used roman recipe of egg yolk rose oil and turpentine for gunshot wounds
        
        Inspired British surgeon William Clowes who in 1588, published his book Proved Practice which shared knowledge about how to deal with battlefield wounds.
    - - Dissected human bodies to disprove Galen(shape of liver, how heart worked and abut the human jaw) and produced detailed books on human anatomy (Tabulae Sex and The fabric of the human body)
      - Thomas Geminus copied his work into books that he brought to Britain
    - - Proved circulation that blood wasn't burnt off in the liver, work used by Barnard in heart transplant. Heart is a pump and blood flows in one direction
    - - Encouraged people to burn galen's book and believed that diseases came from outside the body
  - - - Invented new treatment(tracheotomy/aneurysm) and helped make surgery a respected profession
      - Taught edward jenner among other surgeons and helped to make surgery more respected
      - Experimented on himself for syphilis/gonorrhoea
      - Known for employing grave robbers
    - - Discovered the anaesthetic properties of chloroform by accidentally knocking over a bottle and falling unconscious
      - Led to black period in surgery.
    - - Used carbolic acid to disinfect wounds,instruments and hands to kill of germs in a surgery creating antiseptic surgery
        
        Lister Lister makes you Blister
        
        Greatly decreased death rate in surgery by 40% - ended black period of surgery
    - - Created Aseptic surgery which kept germs away from the operating theatre and wound altogether by wearing gloves and clean protected equipment
        
        Did this as his wife complained her hands were irritated from use carbolic acid
    - - Decided everyone entering or leaving a surgery should wash their hands in chlorinated water. But was ridiculed by rich british doctors who didn't want to listen to an uneducated forgeriner who had no knowledge of germ theory to back it up
  - - - Rebuilt the reputation of plastic surgery and used new drugs to prevent infection, his work was recognised world over
      - Develpoed face masks for burn victims
      - Focus on helping the mental health of his patients (McIndoes Army)
      - Developed techniques that allowed him to gradual;y graft skin for one place to another
    - - Carried out the first heart transplant which led to other organ transplants
      - Patient lived 18 days
- - - - Wrote a "report on sanitary condition of the labouring population" Was convinced there was a link between poverty and sickness, by looking at the difference in life expectancy in urban and rural areas. This lead to the 1st Public Health act
    - - Proved Cholera was transmitted via water from a specific pump that was contaminated from sewage
      - Took the handle of the pump and the deaths stopped
      - Eventually lead to 2nd public health act after gem theory was discovered
    - - Built london's sewage system making it cleaner and more healthy while also getting rid of cholera forever
      - ended the Great stink
    - - Cleaned up hospitals in the Crimean war making them more hygenic which helped to develop nursing as a respected profession
    - - Improved Living conditions for the poor by setting up better houses,schools and a charity
  - - - 1/3 of london was in poverty despite having jobs and the link between poverty and death rates
      - Old people were most at risk-needed pension
    - - 28% of the population don't earn enough to live on and they are below what he called the poverty line
      - Poverty caused by sickness and old age not poverty and drunkenness
      - Helped lead to liberal social reforms
    - - Liberal Social Reforms( sick and unemployment pay, free school meals, pensions, school clinics, labour exchange and made children protected people)
    - - Wrote a report o how to improve quality of life "from cradle to the grave", this became a best seller
    - - Minister for Health in 1948 when the NHS was created
      - From cradle to Grave
  - - - Set up a board of health
      - Not compulsory
      - Improve sanitation by collecting rubbish and cleaning water
      - Most places did nothing-laissez faire
    - - Compulsory
      - clean water
      - Proper drainage
      - Sewage systems
    - - 40% of britsh volunteers were too ill or malnourished to fight
- - - - Hung meat up around the city and built hospitals in the areas it rotted the least. He also wrote many books on different medical issues. Discovered difference between measles and smallpox
      - Stressed need for careful obseravation
    - - Wrote the Canon of Medicine(medical encyclopaedia that contained knowledge on over 760 drugs) and developed the work of the middle ages
      - Books were translated into latin that helped to reintroduce the works of galen and Hippocrates to europe
  - - - Created Smallpox Vaccine 1796
        
        Studied with John hunter and published a book on vaccinations which he had discovered by noticing milkmaids were less likely to get smallpox as they had had cow pox. This led to smallpox being the only disease to be completely eradicated
        
        Could not explain it as its before germ theory
    - - Came up with Germ theory-germs cause disease by a swan neck flask to see that no germs could get in
      - Discovered a vaccine against chicken Cholera by infecting them with weakened Cholera first and then a vaccine against anthrax
      - Disproved Anti contagionists who believed it was a result of dirty living conditions and that germs came from Spontaneous generation
    - - Built on Pasteur's work and discovered that different germs cause different diseases
      - Discovered germs for:TB, septicaemia, anthrax and cholera
      - Used microscopes, dyes, photography and bacterias cultures
      - Competition with Pasteur inspired by Franco-Prussian war
    - - Promoted germ Theory in Britain
    - - Elizabeth Blackwell first US doctor
      - Elizabeth Garrett Anderson first UK Doctor
      - Florence Nightingale bring discipline and professionalism to nursing
    - - Had worked on Kochs team so promoted his work in Britain
  - - - Theory of 4 humors:Blood, Phlegm, yellow bile and black bile
      - The hippocratic oath which is to do no harm
      - Need to be balanced for good health
      - Purging and bloodletting to rebalance humors
    - - Theory of opposites-if your humors are out of balance you must treat them with the opposite temp
      - Greatly supported by church so no one could challenge him
  - - - Identified that the body produces its own antibodies(magic bullets) and came up with a cure for syphilis but often killed patients(Salvarsan 606)
    - - Discovered the antibiotic properties of Penicillin but failed to turn the mould to pure drug so wrote about his findings then gave up
      - Had left a petri of mould while on holiday then noticed that there were no germs around it
    - - Mass produced penicillin using the work of fleming
      - Because of WW2 Us government funded them for the war effort
    - - Discovered the structure of DNA
      - Lead to genetic engineering and modification
    - - created Prontosil which could be used against bacteria that cause infection
- - - - Killed 1/3 of Europe
      - Bubonic, pneumonic or septicemic
      - Caused by;God, Jews, planetary alignment or miasma
      - Cures:Flagellation, prayer, pilgrimage and herbal remedies
    - - Allowed the ideas of the islamic world to be brought over to europe
      - Spread the knowledge across the world by stealing medical books
  - - - 2/3 of London died
      - Bubonic,pneumonic and septicemic
      - Causes:God,miasma,Comets and cats and dogs
      - Cures:Prayer, Herbal mixtures, carrying sweet smelling flowers and killing cats and dogs
      - Plague Orders:quarantine,watchers, doctors, red marks on infected doors and searchers to find people with the plague
  - - - Started after chloroform
      - Surgeons could now operate deeper in the body
      - Didn't know about infection so sealed them inside the body
      - 40% more people died post surgery
      - Was ended by germ theory