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Finkelhorn's Precondition Model - Coggle Diagram

- - - - lack of detail concerning the way the psychological vulnerability factors are specifically linked to the perpetration of sexually abusive behaviours
      - lack of attention to developmental factors
    - - the way it relates a broad range of causal factors to the offence process, providing a useful framework for therapists
  - - - may highlight the potential for increased risk of self harm or relapse of historic maladaptive coping strategies for some service-users.
  - - - highlighted a gap in the research in this field and recommended further exploration of gender differences in sex offenders’ experience of shame
- - - - most research has not proven the existence of such abnormalities though.
    - - hormones such as testosterone which is known to be related to aggressiveness (Faupel, S. 2015). (pg.6)
        
        Research has yielded little conclusive data to date
    - - sexual offenders may possess defective genes which motivate them
        towards deviated sexual interests or disinhibit unacceptable behavior (Faupel, S. 2015).
      - insufficient research has been put forward to test this possibility.
- - - - factor that the women may use in order to weaken internal inhibitions and cognitive and emotional restraints against commiitting child sexual abuse (Finkelhor & Araji 1986).
  - - - Society views women as being incapable of committing deviant acts.
      - societal myth maintains that any woman who would commit an act of pedophilia has to be crazy (1985, p.7).
    - - O'Connor (1987) states that 48% of the female sexual abusers in his sample had a psychiatric diagnosis and a history of previous treatment
    - - Knig (1989) maintains that in his study of mothers who sexually abused their sons there was not a single case where the mother was psychologically ill
- - - - Finkelhor was the first to create a holistic approach to sex offending
- - - - onset offenses were more likely to involve a female familial victim.
    - - weak continuity from childhood attachment to trait (general) adult attachment was found, with insecure attachment more stable than secureattachment
    - - findings provide tentative evidence that directly and indirectly implicates offenders’ attachment problems specifically in the onset of their sexual abuse behaviour
  - - - positive socialization is required to inhibit the universal biologically-based
        propensity for self interest and sexual aggression
      - linked early attachment problems to later problems managing physical and emotional intimacy, increasing the risk for sexual behaviour to be expressed in impersonal circumstances or with less threatening sexual partners, including children.
- - - - does not identify them nor clarify their role sufficiently
  - - - emotional attraction to
        children suggests that they have experienced early developmental disruptions that have left them ill equipped for intimate adult relationships.
      - developmental blockage may have its origin
        in early experiences with attachment figures
      - poor social skills in sex offenders might occur as
        a result of developmental blockage
    - - difficult to make a clear distinction between the two constructs and to understand exactly how they make separate contributions to the Finkelhor theory
- - - - threatens internal coherence and meaningfulness of the theory
      - Internal coherence is defined as the ability of educators in a school or system to connect and align resources to carry out an improvement strategy
  - - - it is incomplete as an explanation and does not convincingly integrate these ideas.
  - - - Children are perceived as trustworthy and less
        likely to hurt or punish the person concerned
      - poor attachment experiences as a child may cause an individual to avoid taking risks in relationships with his peers for fear of rejection
    - - origin in early experiences with attachment figures such as the mother
      - leaves an individual experiencing anxiety with potential female partners.
      - castration anxiety may mean that an adult male feels extremely uncomfortable with women and views children as more accepting and less threatening.
      - social skill deficits in sexual offenders might occur as a result of developmental blockage and make it hard to have a satisfactory relationship with another adult.
  - - - once a desire to have sex with a child is present many offenders do not experience any conflict or attempt to inhibit this desire
    - - fail to control their behaviour or emotions, and subsequently behave in a disinhibited manner.
      - despite possessing generally effective self-regulation skills individuals may use ineffective strategies to achieve their goals, resulting in a loss of control in a specific situation: a mis-regulation pattern.
      - major problem resides in the choice of goals rather than
        a breakdown in the components of self-regulation
    - - intact self-regulation but inappropriate, harmful goals.
      - there is no need to overcome internal resistance;
      - the individual desires to have sex with a child and formulates a plan of action to make this possible
      - notion of disinhibition does not apply to such individuals; they do not lose control and do not use sex to escape from or reduce powerful negative mood states.
  - - - enables offenders to reflect on their specific offence pattern
      - comprehend the role of cognitions, emotions, sexual desire, personal circumstances and developmental histories in creating offence-related vulnerabilities
      - can identify his specific risk factors
      - By allowing individuals to understand why they did what they did, it takes the mystery (and anxiety to some extent) out of the treatment process
    - - Advises that treatment should be tailored to the individual