men are generally socialised to prefer sexual experiences with partners that are smaller, weaker and younger may also increase the likelihood of this factor motivating sexual offending in some individuals (Ward & Hudson, 2001). (pg.5)

From a socio-perspective, the orientation that males are to be dominant and powerful in sexual relationships may facilitate the need to relate sexually to children (pg.5).

Finkelhor posited that impulse disorder, alcohol, senility, psychosis, the presence of severe stress (e.g. loss of a job, heartbreak and loss of a relative), and failure of the incest inhibitions mechanism in the family, may all erode the ability of a man to control his deviant desires to have sex with a child. (pg.5-6)

Children that may be highly vulnerable to sexual abuse are those that are emotionally insecure or deprived, as well as those that are ignorant of sexual abuse. (pg.6)

child can be prone to abuse if there is an unusually high degree of trust between the child and the offender. (pg.6)

sexual offenses against children takes place in temporal sequence

once the motivation to abuse a child sexually is present, each successive preconditions rests on the previous one.

giving attention, buying gifts, and forming emotional bonds.

findings raises objections to studies that largely pointed to the use of force, threats and other forms of physical coercion (Abdulkadir, et al., 2011; Madu & Peltzer, 2012).

findings agrees with the theoretical postulation of Pinkelhor who posited that strategies used by offenders to gain and maintain sexual access to a child ranges from giving gifts, establishing emotional dependence and desensitising a child to sex (Ward & Hudson, 2001).

Goes against theories and studies that posited that offenders of child sexual victims were themselves victims of sexual abuse at a younger age (Finkelhor, 1984; Finkelhor, et al., 1990; Ward & Hudson, 2001; Klein, 2010),

results suggest that this approach can be applied to internet and contact sex offences to develop understanding of the progression of offending, including issues such as sexual arousal and the impact of a male co-perpetrator (pg.2).

lack of detail concerning the way the psychological vulnerability factors are specifically linked to the perpetration of sexually abusive behaviours

the way it relates a broad range of causal factors to the offence process, providing a useful framework for therapists

Precondition Model is recommended by Forensic Psychology Practice Ltd guidelines (1999) (pg.7)

results demonstrate that the Precondition Model can be applied with a female contact and noncontact sex offender (pg.18)

supports research such as Gannon and Rose (2009), which suggests that female sex
offenders appear to display psychological deficits in similar domains to male sex offenders. (pg.25)

Due to the minimal number of female child sex offenders referred for therapeutic intervention and further reduced number of female contact and non-contact offenders, female sex offender research is significantly impacted by natural limitations to sample size

These results are based on a single case study so caution must be taken when considering
the external validity of the findings. (pg.26)

highlighted a gap in the research in this field and recommended further exploration of gender differences in sex offenders’ experience of shame

Etiology of Adult Sexual Offending by Susan Faupel (pg.6)

four main categories of biological theories (pg.6)

most research has not proven the existence of such abnormalities though.

sexual offenders may possess defective genes which motivate them
towards deviated sexual interests or disinhibit unacceptable behavior (Faupel, S. 2015).

insufficient research has been put forward to test this possibility.

model did not explain why psychological and social factors result in sexual assault
towards children and not another type of behavior

results showed that only the homosexual pedophiles’ scores indicated a preference for interacting with children on the child’s level

the incest offenders seemed to prefer to elevate their victims to adult status rather than fixating on the child role themselves.

The group of heterosexual seemed to be motivated more by sexual gratification than by an emotional or relationship interest in their victims or children.

literature is less clear on women, for whom the need for power and control
may not be a primary motivating factor in the offence process. (pg.46)

onset offenses were more likely to involve a female familial victim.

weak continuity from childhood attachment to trait (general) adult attachment was found, with insecure attachment more stable than secureattachment

findings provide tentative evidence that directly and indirectly implicates offenders’ attachment problems specifically in the onset of their sexual abuse behaviour

humans are by nature prone to aggression and self-interest, and proposes that positive socialization is required to inhibit (or control) these natural antisocial desires and impulses. (pg.3)

offenders do not necessarily learn to commit crimes, at least not initially; rather,
in effect, they fail to learn not to (Wortley & Smallbone, 2006; Smallbone & Cale, in press). (pg.3)

positive socialization is required to inhibit the universal biologically-based
propensity for self interest and sexual aggression

linked early attachment problems to later problems managing physical and emotional intimacy, increasing the risk for sexual behaviour to be expressed in impersonal circumstances or with less threatening sexual partners, including children.

Many empirical studies have found a high (but by no means universal) prevalence of adverse developmental experiences in the backgrounds of sexual offenders, and much of this work implicates attachment-related problems (e.g., abuse and neglect; low nurturance and affection; parental rejection). (pg.5)

Most indicated that insecure childhood attachment is more prevalent in sexual offenders than in nonsexual offenders and non-offenders (Craissati, McClurg, & Browne, 2002; Marsa et al., 2004; McCarthy, 2004; Smallbone & Dadds, 1998)

although others have found no such differences (e.g., Marshall, Serran, & Cortoni, 2000).

sexual offenders are more likely to report attachment problems with their fathers than with their mothers (Smallbone & Dadds, 1998; Smallbone & Wortley, 2000)

results indicate a post-intervention improvement in areas such as affect control, ability to maintain positive relationships, self-support, and reduced dissociation and dysfunctional sexual behavior.

useful in predicting whether an individual is likely to carry out the same types of behaviors again but approaches have little to say about escalation

was useful for development of interventions such as relapse prevention (Pithers, 1990, Pithers et al., 1983) which utilised the risk-need responsivity (RNR) model (Andrews & Bonta, 2007).

Treatment approaches consistent with the Risk-Need-Responsivity principles have been demonstrated to lead to reductions in sexual offence recidivism.

future of treatment for sexual violence should focus on attending to the personal functions of offending

provides a clear framework for approaching the study of men who have sexually abused children.(pg.306)

targeting deviant sexual arousal, strengthening emotional regulation skills, working on intimacy issues, focusing on sociocultural factors, and teaching offenders how to identify and manage high-risk situations

Should combine with other theories to compensate for it's weaknesses (pg.306)

clearly describes problems evident in these individuals (empirical scope).

outlines simply how offenders’ thoughts, feelings and behaviour interact to create a desire to commit an offence (simplicity). (pg.26)

persuasive in its recommendation that
individuals may require different types of treatment strategies (heuristic value)

problems relating to its lack of internal coherence, explanatory depth and
unifying power. (pg.26)

threatens internal coherence and meaningfulness of the theory

Internal coherence is defined as the ability of educators in a school or system to connect and align resources to carry out an improvement strategy

some men appear to have a variety of problems and motives for having sex with a child while others may only have one clear goal (e.g. sexual satisfaction).

if these motives can function independently to cause sexual crimes, then it is far from clear why emotional congruence and blockage result in a sexual offence (pg.26-27)

it is incomplete as an explanation and does not convincingly integrate these ideas.

silent on the trajectory leading from early developmental experiences to the onset of sexually abusive actions.

very good at linking motives to the different phases of offending

both refer to developmental conflicts and vulnerabilities that leave some adults ill equipped to deal with the demands of adult relationships.

poor attachment experiences as a child may cause an individual to avoid taking risks in relationships with his peers for fear of rejection

origin in early experiences with attachment figures such as the mother

leaves an individual experiencing anxiety with potential female partners.

castration anxiety may mean that an adult male feels extremely uncomfortable with women and views children as more accepting and less threatening.

social skill deficits in sexual offenders might occur as a result of developmental blockage and make it hard to have a satisfactory relationship with another adult.

difficult to understand exactly how they make separate contributions in the
Finkelhor theory.

once a desire to have sex with a child is present many offenders do not experience any conflict or attempt to inhibit this desire

important mediator between desires and a successful outcome is the degree to which an offender can control his feelings and desires, and formulate plans

fail to control their behaviour or emotions, and subsequently behave in a disinhibited manner.

despite possessing generally effective self-regulation skills individuals may use ineffective strategies to achieve their goals, resulting in a loss of control in a specific situation: a mis-regulation pattern.

there is no need to overcome internal resistance;

the individual desires to have sex with a child and formulates a plan of action to make this possible

notion of disinhibition does not apply to such individuals; they do not lose control and do not use sex to escape from or reduce powerful negative mood states.

Inability of Finkelhor’s precondition model to accommodate different self-regulatory styles reflects a lack of empirical adequacy and scope ,unifying power, explanatory depth and fertility

theory fails to do justice to the hetero-
geneity of offenders’ psychological and behavioural features (pg.29)

Advises that treatment should be tailored to the individual