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Introduction to Psychology - Coggle Diagram
Introduction to Psychology
Interpretation
Sensation
physical stimulus > physiological response > sensory experience
sensory receptors
sensory neurons
specific sensory areas in the cerebral cortex
sensory coding
sensory adaptation
absolute threshold & difference threshold
Weber's Law
Perception
bottom-up control
top-down control
"Where and how" pathway
upper, parietal stream
"What" pathway
lower, temporal stream
Biederman - Recognition by component
Geon
depth perception and size perception
multisensory integration
visual dominance effect
Synesthesia
Visual illusion
Treisman Feature integration theory
detection of features > parallel processing
integration of features > serial processing
illusory conjuction
Gestalt principles of grouping
proximity
similarity
closure
good continuation
common movement
good form
Research Method
Research design
correlation study
inferential statistic
correlation coeffient
descriptive study
setting
laboratory
field
data collection
observation
self reported
experiments
within subject
Dependent variable
Independent variable
between subjects
Bias
measurement bias
reliability & validity
expectanacy bias
observer expectancy
subject expectancy
sampling bias
Validity
Internal validity
External validty
Face validity
Construct validty
Criterion validty
Reliability
replicability
interobserver reliabilty
operational definition
Ethics
Human studies
possibility of discomfort or harm
use of deception
privacy
Animal studies
Research cycle
Brain
Method of study
TMS
Lesions and Stimulation (animal only)
Observation of behaviors when part of the brain is damaged
EEG
PET
fMRI
Neuroimages
Neurons
structure
dendrites
axon
cell nucleus
cell body
functioning
resting potential
action potential
neurogenesis
mirror neurons
types
motor neurons
interneurons
sensory neurons
Structure & Function
Occipital lobe
decodes visual signals, tells about where, what and how we see something
Temporal lobe
memories, emotions, language comprehension, links word to their somatic meaning
Frontal lobe
make sense of information about the environment, memories, emotions and uses these info to make decisions
prefrontal cortex
premotor cortex
orbitofrontal cortex
Parietal lobe
somatosensation and proprioception
Limbic system
Hippocamus
formation of new memories, spatial memory
Amygdala
crucial for survival, responding to fear induction stimuli, intensify memory function during emotional arousal
Hypothalamus
controls pituitary gland, link between nervous system and endocrine system
Thalamus
receive all incoming informations, organize it and relays it to the cortex
Basal Ganglia
planning and producing movement, reward and motivating behaviors
Cerebellum
"little brain", proper motor function, it operates independently and unconsciously
Brain stem
directs essential activities such as heart rate, breathing, sleep-wake cycle, attention, temperature regulation, vision, hearing
Corpus callosum
Split brain
Emotions
How they arise
Biological presepctive
amygdala
fast, unconscious emotional response
prefrontal cortex
conscious experience of emotions and deliberate, planned actions based on feelings
Psychological prespective
Schachter's Two Factors Theory
Facial Feedback Hypotesis
Discrete Emotion Theory
Darwin's Theory of Emotional Adaptation
James-Lange Theory
Sexual attraction
Evolutionary perspective
difference male/female
Social perspective
mate selection pattern
social comparison
socialization
media and popular culture
norms/values
cultural variation in relationship
What they are
intertwined with cognition
Robert Plutchik's classification
anger vs fear
acceptance vs disgust
joy vs sorrow
surprise vs expectancy
not static/fixed
subject feeling direct towards an object
can be free-floating, moods
Learning
Conditioning
Classical
Conditioned stimulus/response
Unconditioned stimulus/response
Extintion
Spontaneous recovery
Generalization
discrimination training
S-R Theory/Behaviorism
S-S Theory/Cognitive
Contiguity
Operant
operant response
Reinforcer
conditioned reinforcers
partial reinforcement schedule
positive/negative
punishment
low of effect
Associations
mental construction formed between two or more concepts, experiences or stimuli
Role of play
Navigate spaces/obstacles
Development of ideas/skills
Exploration of the world
K. Groos Theory
Play of Animals
Role of insticts
Play of Men
Role of culture
Link with language
Development of social skills
Music, Song, Stories
Self-chosen & self-directed
Peer interaction
Structured by the child
Imagination & pretend play
Social Learning
Badura Social-Cognitive Theory
indirect reinforcement
Presepectives
Learning/Behavioral Psychology
How prior experiences influence behavior, emotions, perception, thougths
Cognitive Psychology
Focus on individual knowledge or beliefs as determinants of behavior and mental processes (perception, memory, problem-solving)
Evolutionary Psychology
Explain universal human characteristics through evolutionary processes
Social Psychology
Investigates how social norms, group dynamics and social interactions influence and shape behavior
Genetic/Behavioral genetics
Role of genes in shaping behavior and in mental traits
Physiological/Biopsychology
Impact of hormones/drugs on the brain to alter behavior/physiological mechanism underlying behavior
Neural/Behavioral Sciences
Focus on understanding how the nervous system produces behaviors/experiences
Cultural Psychology
Studies how cultural context and structures influence individual's behavior and actions
Developmental Psychology
Focuses on how behavior and mental processes change across the lifspan
Memory
Brain
Hippocampus
short term memory
semantic memory
consolidating short term into long term memory
interacts with pre-frontal cortex
Amygdala
emotional memory
more active when one feels more
connect strongly with intense emotion especially fear
Pre-frontal cortex
encoding information
working memory and decision making
organizing logical thinking and memories
controlling memory retrival processes
Main processes
Storage
Retrieval
Encoding
Types of memories
explicit memory
implicit memory
procedural memory
flashbulb memory
declarative memory
episodic
sematic
working memory
long-term memory
Measurments
Behavioral tests
EEG/neuroimaging
Psychophysiological measures
Genetic and pharmacological manipulation
Lesion studies
Forgetting
Retrieval failure
Decay theory
encoding faliure
retroactive interference
intrusion error
proactive interference
repression
Development
types of development
cognitive
perceptual
motor
theories
Vygotsky’s
child as a apprendist
Pieget's
child as a scientist
Information-processing
encoding
storage
retrivial
attention
executive function
developmental changes
individual differences
Phases
infancy
early/late childhood
prenatal
early/late adulthood
Personality
traits
temporary and non-mesurable
Cattell's traits Theory
Fiske "Big Five Theory"
openness/non-openness
agreeableness/antagonism
neuroticism/stability
conscientiousness/undirectedness
extraversion/introversion
states
enduring and mesurable
Mind as a blank state vs Innate mechanisms
Family environment
gender differences
perspectives
sociocogntive
humanistic
psychodynamic
Helping behaviors
Tragedy of the common
Evolutionary prospective
altruisim
reciprocity
kin selection
cooperation
out-group discrimination
in-group favoritism