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Contemporary Nutrition Issues - Coggle Diagram
Contemporary Nutrition Issues
Diet and Health in Australia
Malnutrition
Where one or more nutrients are not supplied to the body in correct amounts
Under nutrition
Osteoporosis
Weakened bones (easily break)
Bad posture
Decrease bone mass/density
Low calcium
Low physical activity
Poor bone structure
Menopause
Economic costs = supplements, physical therapy, medical care
Anorexia
Psychological disorder
Extreme self-induced weight loss through restricted diet and increased exercise
Caused by peer pressure, media, low self-esteem, mental health issues
Low body weight, loss of period, anemia, fainting, low blood pressure, muscle wastage
Economic costs = rehabilitation centers, counselling, medication, hospitalization
Anaemia
Lack of iron or B12 in the diet (or combination)
Can be caused by loss of blood
Vegans/vegetarians (not enough red meat)
Can be caused by some medications
Insufficient iron in diet
Extreme fatigue, fainting, pale, headache
Economic costs = supplements, iron infusions, medications
Bullimia
Caused by peer pressure, media, low self esteem, mental health issues
Psychological disorder
Binge eating then self-induced vomiting, misuse of laxatives or excessive exercise
Side effects include tooth decay, burns in throat and mouth from stomach acid, extreme weight loss, fatigue, fainting etc.
Over nutrition
Hypertension
Blood circulation is less efficient
Excess sodium
High blood pressure
Leads to heart failure, stroke, kidney failure
Economic costs = hospital treatment, surgery, medicine, unable to work
CVD
Hardening of the arteries, caused by collection of fat (cholesterol) along artery walls, restricting blood flow
Risk of heart attack (less oxygen to the heart) or stroke (blockage to the brain)
Most expensive (biggest disease)
Economic costs = medication, surgery, time off work etc.
Obesity
Women more than 30% body fat and men more than 25% body fat are obese
1 in 4 children are obese
More work for the heart
Caused by lack of activity and over consumption of food
Increase risk of other lifestyle diseases like type 2 diabetes and CVD
Economic costs = medicine, cost of doctor and dietitian appointments
Type 2 diabetes
Risk factors include family history, obesity, poor diet/lifestyle, being over 55
Symptoms include thirst, increased urination, fatigue and blurred vision
Economic costs = medication, doctors visits, medical supplies, blood sugar monitor
Dental caries
Causes bad breath, toothaches, tooth loss and difficulty chewing
Caused by bad dental hygiene and/or a high sugar diet
Tooth decay
Economic costs = filings, crowns, medication, dentist appointments
Nutrition considerations for specific groups
Pregnant and lactating women
Extra nutrients to support the foetus
Folate is recommended when planning a pregnancy to prevent defects in the baby (extra 0.4mg a day)
Folate is found in folic acid (supplement) or in other foods like spinach
All flour in bread must be fortified by law in Australia to meet daily intake
Need more minerals (like calcium and phosphorus) for infants bones to grow
Post menopausal women
Less oestrogen is produced in menopause so more calcium is needed to prevent osteoporosis
Vitamin D supplements are beneficial to assist in calcium absorption
Low intake of saturated fats to reduce chance of heart disease (low fat dairy options)
Limit processed foods, plenty of fruit veggies and water
Middle aged men who live alone
Decreasing appetite or reduced ability to buy and prepare health foods
Lacking several nutrients
Can lead to chronic illness
Elderly
Shopping is harder
Calcium and phosphorus needed
Low calorie diet (sedentary lifestyle)
Limit processed foods and alcohol
People with allergies/intolerances
Coeliac have to include fibre not through wheat
Lactose intolerant have to eat other high calcium and phosphorus foods
Athlete
High protein for recovery and building muscle
High carbs for energy
Supplementation to meet needs
Water and sports drinks
Carb loading and energy gels
ATSI
Better health education needed
Need cheaper healthy options
ATSI healthy eating guide (has more traditional foods than original and emphasizes importance of eating less and exercising more
Limited access to fresh produce in rural areas
Limit alcohol consumption
Adolescent girls
Require more energy when growing
Need extra iron (and vitamin C for absorption)
Avoid caffeine as it affects the bodies calcium absorption and sleep
Need high protein to build new body tissue and need higher calcium and phosphorus to get stronger bones
The roles of individuals and groups
Community groups
Some groups focus on specific issues like Diabetes Australia
Services like Meals on Wheels give food to people who are frail, sick of have a disability
Groups like CHOICE assist consumer decisions without bias
Government
Objective is to prevent rather than cure
Promote good health strategies
E.g. Department of Health
Make government legislation
Policies and guidelines
Research info (CSIRO/FSANZ)
Campaigns (media/lifestyle education)
Education in schools (Jump rope for Heart, Healthy Canteen, Healthy Harold, Crunch and Sip)
Food industry
Responding to consumer demands
Rise in obesity
Changing lifestyles
Need for convenience
Healthy foods
Follow legislations from government
Individual
Access health information to educate themselves
Majority of premature deaths are due to poor lifestyle choices (e.g. smoking, lack of exercise, bad eating habits)
Nutritionally modified foods
Adding extra health benefits to meet demands of consumer (e.g. essential macro and micro nutrients)
Functional foods
Foods that contain preventative or curative substances
Modified foods such as fat reduced or calcium enriched
Foods containing active non-nutrients like phytochemicals enhance the bodies functions
Enriched foods have more naturally occurring vitamins or minerals added to them (to replace ones lost in manufacturing) while fortified foods have new vitamins or minerals added
Makes reaching daily intake guides a lot easier
Active non-nutrients
Phytochemicals
Phytochemicals are found in fruit and vegetables and help prevent chronic diseases including cancer
Antioxidants
Reduce risk of diseases
Reduce damage caused by oxidation in bodys cells
Phytoestrogens
Phytooestrogen is good for women in menopause but can trick the brain to produce less oestrogen (opposite effect as intended) which could be bad
Dietry fibre
Gut health
Absorbs moisture, softens stools and allows faeces to pass easily
Probiotics
Helps with digestion and overall health
Fights off bad bacteria in the gut
Easier to absorb some medications and vitamins
Omega 3
Improved brain function and decrease risk of CVD
Naturally found in fatty fish like salmon and often fortified in foods like margarine
Aids the cardiovascular system to reduce blood clots
They promote bodily function and good health but are not essential for life like other 6 nutrients
Supplements
Should consult doctor before taking supplements (especially with health conditions or other medications)
Heavily marketed with sponsors
Vitamin supplements
Vitamin deficiencies aren't common in Australia
Evidence has shown there is no benefit to taking vitamin C or E supplements
Will likely come out in urination or be stored in body fat
Can assist in fighting cold and flu symptoms
Can assist immune system
Vitamin B deficiency is berri berri, Vitamin C deficiency is scurvy
Mineral supplements
Iron, iodine and calcium are common mineral deficiencies
Excess consumption of minerals results in constipation/diarrhoea, overworks the kidney
Iron supplementation is beneficial for women and vegetarians/vegans
Calcium supplements good for lactose intolerant or the elderly
Pros of supplementation
Positive feeling - placebo effect
Good for deficiencies
Monitored by FSANZ for safety
Improve athletic performance or overall health to fight off diseases
Pre/probiotic supplements promote gut health through gut flora (good bacteria)
Fibre supplements help with excretion (help diverticulitis)
Omega 3 supplements can help lower blood pressure
Cons to supplementation
Con be toxic if over consumed
Can contain harmful ingredients (loopholes) - companies aren't transparent
Often unnecessary
Can have lack of reserach
Often self-diagnosed
Influences on nutritional status
Conditions
Obesity
Can be related to genetics, environment, culture, lifestyle, location etc.
Australia has lots of high calorie options which are heavily advertised
Calorie surpluss (too much food not enough exercise)
Sedentary lifestyle
Mindless or stress eating
Practice mindfulness eating and healthy eating habits
Diabetes
Pancreas doesn't produce enough insulin
Result of genetics or environmental factors
Insulin manages body's blood sugar, lack of insulin results in extreme fatigue
Type 1 the pancreas doesn't make enough insulin and the body's immune system attacks itself (autoimmune disorder that develops early in life)
Type 2 diabetes is caused by poor lifestyle factors and is closely linked to genetics and family history (unlike type 1), occurs when the body can't make enough insulin
Low GI foods are good for long lasting energy (complex carbs) and energy will not spike and drop
Should consume multiple meals throughout the day
If insulin or medication is required, this should be taken between meals or snacks
Cardiovascular disease
Coronary heart disease is the most common
Plaque build up in arteries restricts blood flow
Diet high in omega 3 will regulate blood pressure
Food sensitivities
Allergy
Body reacts to an allergen protein in the food, treating it like foreign matter
The body develops antibodies to fight the allergen
Can be life threatening
People with allergies need long term management plans and should always read ingredients (legally required to show common allergens on packets)
Coeliac disease
allergic to the protein in gluten
can't absorb nutrients and get stomach pains and diarrhea
Detected through blood tests or biopsy from intestine
Intolerances
adverse reaction (often delayed) to chemical compounds in foods
reaction may build up over time
Generally not life threatening
Lactose intolerance
Difficulty in digesting sugar in dairy produce
Unabsorbed lactose create a watery stool
Should get calcium from leafy greens instead
Elimination diets are the best way to identify food intolerances (only consume flavorless foods for a couple weeks then slowly introduce suspected food items)
Lifestyle
Exercise
Decrease risk of lifestyle diseases
Helps with mental health
Good to keep away cancers and arthritis
Alcohol
Any level of drinking can increase risk of ill health
Cirrhosis is a liver disease from too much alcohol
Should not drink when pregnant or breastfeeding
Tobacco and drugs
Smoking and drugs can cause preventable diseases
Often linked to not having fruits and vegetables
Can prevent you from getting good nutrients in foods
Cultural practices
Attitudes to health
Religious beliefs like Ramadan, Good Friday or Kosher (Jewish)
Food preferences
Social practices
Celebrations affect nutritional value of food (e.g. birthday cake)
Certain cuisines are healthier like Greek
Media
Advertising junk food to kids
Making junk food bright and happy
Saying icecream is high in calcium but not saying its high in sugar and fats
Advertising food through sports and tv shows
Product placement in films and shows
Using fortified food line extensions to seem healthier
Ethics of advertising is overseen by Australian organisations
Using words like 'lite' or 'diet'