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THEORY, ERROR DETECTION, FILE SIZE, SOLUTIONS AND PROBLEMS #, TEXT,…

- - - - CONVERSIONS
        
        • Denary (Decimal):
        
        Denary is a base-10 system, meaning it uses 10 digits (0-9) to represent numbers.
        
        • To convert denary to binary, use the process of successive division by 2.
        
        • Divide the denary number by 2, record the remainder (0 or 1), and continue dividing until the quotient becomes zero.
        
        • Write down the remainders in reverse order to obtain the binary representation.
        
        • Binary is a base-2 system, using only two digits, 0 and 1.
        To convert binary to denary, break the binary number into bits and assign powers of 2 (2^0, 2^1, 2^2, etc.) to each bit, starting from the rightmost bit.
        Multiply each bit by its corresponding power of 2 and sum the results to get the denary value.
        
        • Hexadecimal is a base-16 system. It utilizes digits 0-9 and letters A-F (equivalent to 10-15) to represent numbers
        
        •
        
        • Divide the denary number by 16, record the remainder, and continue dividing until the quotient is zero.
        
        • Convert remainders greater than 9 into the corresponding hexadecimal letter (A for 10, B for 11, etc.).
        
        • Write down the remainders in reverse order to get the hexadecimal representation.
        
        WHY IS IT USED IN COMPUTER
        
        • Hexadecimal offers a more concise representation of binary data, making it easier for humans to read and understand.
        
        • It's widely used in computer programming, especially for representing memory addresses and color codes.
        
        • Hexadecimal simplifies manual data entry and enhances readability.
        
        BINARY
  - - - CPU
      - COMPONENTS
        
        • ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit): Responsible for performing arithmetic and logical operations.
        
        • CU (Control Unit): Manages the operation of the CPU, including instruction fetching, decoding, and execution.
        
        • Registers:
        
        • Memory Data Register (MDR): Holds the actual data or instruction fetched from memory.
        
        • Current Instruction Register (CIR): Stores the current instruction being executed.
        
        • Accumulator (ACC): Used for performing arithmetic and logical operations.
        
        • Program Counter (PC): Holds the memory address of the next instruction to be fetched.
        
        • Memory Address Register (MAR): Stores the address of data or instructions in memory
      - PROCESS- HOW IT OPERATES
        
        • Fetch: The CPU fetches the next instruction from memory using the Program Counter (PC).
        
        • Decode: It decodes the instruction to understand what operation needs to be performed.
        
        • Execute: The CPU performs the instruction, either an arithmetic or logical operation or control action.
      - • A CPU core is an independent processing unit within a CPU.
        • Multiple cores in a CPU allow for parallel processing and can significantly enhance performance.
        
        FACTORS AFFECTUNG CPU PERFORMANCE
        
        • Cache memory is a high-speed memory located close to the CPU.
        • It stores frequently used data and instructions, reducing the time needed to fetch them from slower main memory (RAM).
        
        • The clock speed measures how many cycles a CPU can execute in a second.
        • A higher clock speed generally indicates better performance, but it must be considered along with other factors like the number of cores.
        #
- - - - SENSORS
        
        They are crucial in various applications, including automation, security, monitoring, and data collection
        
        • Sensors are used to monitor and collect data about the environment, enabling computers and systems to respond accordingly.
        
        • Purposes of Sensors:
        
        SENSOR TYPES
        
        • Acoustic Sensors: Capture sound data, used in applications like speech recognition and noise monitoring.
        
        • Accelerometers: Measure acceleration and are common in devices like smartphones to detect movement.
        
        • Flow Sensors: Monitor the flow of liquids or gases, essential in industrial processes.
        
        • Gas Sensors: Detect various gases in the environment, important for safety in industrial and domestic settings.
        
        • Humidity Sensors: Measure humidity levels, used in weather stations, HVAC systems, and more.
        
        • Infrared Sensors: Detect infrared radiation, employed in remote controls and security systems.
        
        • Light Sensors: Measure light levels, used in automatic lighting control and brightness adjustment in screens.
        
        • Magnetic Field Sensors: Detect changes in magnetic fields and are found in compasses and devices like smartphones.
        
        • Moisture Sensors: Monitor moisture content in soil or other materials, important in agriculture.
        
        • pH Sensors: Measure the acidity or alkalinity of a solution, crucial in chemistry and environmental monitoring.
        
        • Pressure Sensors: Detect changes in pressure, used in weather prediction, automotive applications, and more.
        
        • Proximity Sensors: Determine the presence or absence of an object nearby, employed in touchless control systems.
        
        • Temperature Sensors: Measure temperature, used in weather stations, thermostats, and various industrial applications.
- - - - ACTUATOR
    - - • A DLP projector uses Digital Light Processing technology to project images or video onto a screen or surface.
      - • It employs thousands of tiny mirrors to reflect light and create the image, providing high-quality and sharp projections.
      - • DLP projectors are widely used in presentations, home theaters, and educational settings.
      - LCD PROJECTOR
        
        • An LCD projector uses liquid crystal technology to project images by passing light through liquid crystal panels.
        
        • They are widely used for presentations, providing clear and bright visuals.
        
        LCD projectors are common in classrooms and conference rooms
    - - • An inkjet printer is a type of printer that sprays tiny droplets of ink onto paper to create text or images.
      - • It is known for its versatility and is commonly used for documents, photos, and graphics.
      - Inkjet printers are suitable for both home and office use
      - LASER PRINTER
        
        • A laser printer uses a laser beam to produce high-quality prints by fusing toner (a dry powder) onto paper.
        
        • They are known for their speed and are often used for high-volume printing in offices and businesses.
        
        Laser printers are also suitable for producing text-heavy documents
    - - LCD SCREEN
        
        • An LCD screen is a flat-panel display technology that uses liquid crystal cells to create images and text.
        
        • It is commonly used in devices like computer monitors, laptops, and smartphones for its thin and energy-efficient design.
        
        • LCD screens are known for their sharp and vibrant display.
    - - • A speaker is an audio output device that converts electrical signals into sound waves.
      - • Speakers are found in various forms, from small built-in speakers in devices like smartphones to larger external speakers for home audio systems.
      - They play a vital role in audio reproduction for music, movies, and communication
    - - • A 3D printer is a device that creates three-dimensional objects by adding material layer by layer.
      - • It is used in various fields, including manufacturing, prototyping, and even in the medical and aerospace industries.
      - 3D printing allows for the creation of complex and customized objects