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[Americanisms], LEXICAL FEATURES OF TRANSLATION, Translation INTRODUCTION…

- - - - he yesterday did not prepare
- - - - the comprehension: translator analyses the source text
        
        stylistic
        
        grammatical
        
        semantic
        
        other peculiarities
      - the phase of translation: reproduction of the content
        
        by means of another language.
    - - full
        
        literal translation
        
        a word-for-word reproduction of a text
        
        usually used exclusively for scientific purposes. For example, for linguistic analysis
        
        Semantic translation
        
        transferring the contextual meaning of the elements of the source text more fully
        
        important historical documents
        works of high literature
        unique epic poems and etc
        
        The communicative way
        
        the original information that results in a translated text with an adequate initial impact on the recipient
        
        journalism, some scientific-theoretical and popular science texts, etc.
      - abridged translation
        
        any type of text - from a simple business letter to a novel.
        
        selective
        
        selecting key units of the source text and translate them in full
        
        summary presentations of business subjects, newspaper articles,
        scientific articles reports
        
        functional translation.
        
        the so-called retelling, when a whole large work is retold in a simplified form.
  - - - Expanding the meaning
        
        Iintelligence
        1.knowledge and skills 2.The collection of information of military or political value
      - Prefixal and suffixal formation of new words
        
        “re” Rethinking, retrain, DE Denuclearize
      - conversion, substantiation and adjectivation.
        
        The needy,The poor, The wounded
    - - transcription
      - transliteration
      - calque
        
        nuclear umbrella= yadro cho'ziqorini
      - descriptive tranlation
  - - - a circular rotation, a complete revolution of the wheel of a machineˮ.
      - Technique – метод, методика,
        а не техника
    - - external similarities (sound and spelling) in Russian, not always the same
        
        Dramatic – драматический, драматичный, неожиданный, яркий
  - - - narrowing
        
        "man" that require a word with a more specific meaning in Russian,
        
        человек
        
        солдаты
        
        мужчиной
        
        lower than the corresponding meaning
      - expanding
        
        the original unit is higher than the information
        
        “лечение” понимание, обращался
        
        “treatment”,
      - Semantic development or modulation
        
        I don’t blame them. Я их понимаю (я их не виню, потому что я их понимаю)
        
        logically derived from the meaning of the source unit
    - - the emotionally evaluative aspect of the meaning
      - former creates a negative elephase, the latter a positive one
      - “a cow-eyed girl”,
        
        2девушка с большими глазами
        
        1волоокая красавица
    - - the process of solving lexico-semantic problems
      - “the relaxation of the well-earned rest”
      - none of the correspondences
      - " наслаждаясь заслуженным отдыхом”
  - - - violate linguistic norms
        
        (abbreviated sentence structure, lack of articles, verb conjunctions, sense verbs and punctuation)
      - insufficient and in-depth knowledge realis culture knowledge of phraseology.
    - - 1.all words may be capitalized.
        
        Small Investments That Make A Big
      - 2.necessary to read the article or at least the first paragraph in order to understand the meaning
        
        Euro rises on talk of ECB invention
      - 3.certain words are omitted
        
        Sara Lee (is) to refocus (its) activities
      - 4.A nominative sentence (two or more N+N noun)
        
        A Brave New Economy for Singapore
      - 5.a word combination with a participle or a gerund
        
        Muddying the waters
      - 6.Colons and question marks
        
        Laptops: Do we need that speed?
      - 7.the use of word-play phrases and deliberately altered stable expressions
- - - - Boston Pops – Бостонский оркестр популярной
    - - Mickey Mouse – Микки Маус
    - - individual words: Кремль, маевка, декабристы
      - abbreviations: вуз, собес, загс, Гороно, ГЭК
    - - Introduction of a neologism
        
        Victory Day – День Победы
      - approximate translation
      - the principle of generic substitution
        
        Нарзан, Боржоми→минеральная вода Изба, сакля, хата, коттедж→дом Церковь, мечеть, синагога→храм
      - Functional analogu
        
        Сколько-то миль – очень далекоСто пудов – очень тяжелый
      - description, explanation, interpretation
        
        Two boys were playing flys up with a soft ball.- Мальчики играли в мяч