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CLASSIFICATION AND DIAGNOSIS OF SCHIZOPHRENIA - Coggle Diagram
CLASSIFICATION AND DIAGNOSIS OF SCHIZOPHRENIA
positive
hallucinations
they are sensory experiences that have either no basis in reality or are distorted perceptions of things that are there. for example, seeing people that are not there
auditory hallucinations can be distracting and make it difficult to concentrate on other tasks requiring an auditory channel like speaking on the phone
delusions
they involve beliefs that have no basis in reality so an example would be believing someone else is trying to hurt them or that they are a victim of a conspiracy
echolalia
pathological repetition of the worlds of others
co-morbidity
he occurrence of two disorders or conditions together, for example person has both schizophrenia and a personality disorder. where two conditions are frequently diagnosed together it calls into question the validity of classifying the two disorders sperately
schizophrenic are more likely to be diagnosed with other conditions
this mixture of conditions make it difficult to diagnose schizophrenia accurately as it may be just one combined mental illness
we may find it difficult to tell the difference between different conditions
Buckley (2009)
50% of those diagnosed with schizophrenia also have a diagnosis of depression
47% are diagnosed with substance abuse
29% have PTSD
23% had OCD
If over half are diagnosed with depression it means perhaps we can't tell the difference between depression and schizophrenia so means it may not be valid diagnosis of mental illness
symptom overlap
occurs when two or more conditions share symptms. where conditions share many symptoms this calls into question the validity of classifying the two disorders
bipolar depression consisits of positive symptoms such as delusions and negative symptoms such as avoliation
this could mean a patient is diagnosed with schizophrenia by the ICD manual but bipolar by the DSM
negative
avolition
involves loss of motivation to carry out tasks and results in lowered activity levels - going to work
speech poverty
involves reduced frequency and quality of speech
anhedonia
loss of enjoyment of activities that were previously pleasant
asocially
social withdrawl
blunted affect
lack of emotional response
issues in classification and diagnosis
classification systems are worthless unless they are reliable
inter - rater reliability is when two or more assessors have agreed on the diagnosis of schizophrenia
Whaley (2001) found the correlation coefficient between clinicians in diagnosis was as low as 11%
in order to be considered relaible we need 80% which suggests the diagnosis of schizophrenia is unrelaible
test - retest reliability - when the clinicians reach the same conclusion at two different points in time
Read et al (2004) found that when a person is diagnosed with schizophrenia they only have a 38% chance that they will be diagnosed with schizophrenia some time later during a reset suggesting that the diagnosis is unreliable
criterion validity is where there are several assessments for schizophrenia which should arrive to the same diagnosis for the same patient if they are valid
Cheniaux (2009) found that people were more likely to be diagnosed as schizophrenia with the European classification (ICD) than with the American (DSM)
therefore neither manual accurately measures what they say they are measuring
Rosehan (1973)
recruited 7 people who he worked with or were friends with and each pps went to a psychiatric hospital and reported 1 symptom - a voice said only single words such as thud
when admitted they began to act normally - all were diagnosed with suffering from schizophrenia
the individuals stayed in the institutions for between 7 to 52 days
cultural bias
Copeland et al (1971) gave a description of a patient to 134 US and 194 British psychiatrists. 69% of the US psychiatrists diagnosed schizophrenia compared to only 2% of the British psychiatrists
clinicians were more likely to diagnose schizophrenia if the case notes referred to the patient as African American than if they were describes as white (Blake 1973)