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MEDIA, Media reports sensationalise, The 4th Estate: Protection over…

- - - - Liberal Feminism- Equality between men and women is the aim.
      - Marxist Feminism- Capitalism is adding to the exploitation of women.
      - Radical Feminism- Every aspect of society needs to be looked at and deconstructed and rebuilt. Men are the enemy.
    - - Liberal believe change is occurring in representation of women.
        But they are under-represented behind cameras eg. they only make up 16% of directors.
        There is also a "cultural lag" meaning the media is behind social change.
      - Radical belive there is no change happening.
        Symbolic annihilation of women.
        Stereotypes, "Beauty Myth", "Malestream" media.
      - Marxist believe the media keeps women in traditional roles which supports capitalism.
        "Beauty Myth" also supports capitalism through consumption.
    - - STUDY
        
        Whelehan- Studied men's magazines and argues "an attempt to override the message of feminism".
        
        RESPONSE
        
        Gauntlett- Says that men's magazines have more than one message.
      - STUDY
        
        McRobbie- Says the negative impact of girls' magazines is causing "normative discontent".
        
        RESPONSE
        
        Fraser- Girls laugh at magazines.
    - - Legal and social equality eg. the right to vote and education.
      - Public inequality eg. equal rights and pay.
      - Personal eg. individual identity.
      - Key dates
        
        1st wave
        1918- Limited women got the vote.
        1928- Universal suffrage.
  - - - Milliband- Says media makes capitalism seem inevitable. "New opium of the people". The media is like a drug it controls.
      - Cornford and Robins- Say digital media is owned by capitalists who want to make money and control the ideology of the masses. Media has the power to shape the ideas of the population.
      - Castells Network Society- Argues we are now a society defined by information rather than industry, although still capitalist. Power now rests in media.
  - - - Baudrillard- Termed Hyper-reality meaning we no longer are able to distinguish between reality and simulation.
      - Turkle- Said people believe media is real and the internet is out virtual world.
    - - Ignores stereotypes and power of the patriarchy and exaggerates the medias power.
  - - - They ignore the fact that most media professionals come from one social background.
      - Leveson Report exposes media corruption at high levels.
    - - Diverse representations and alternative range of views.
      - Supply and demand; media supplies what the audience demand.
        
        Whale- Argues the shape and nature of the press is determined by its readers.
      - Skilled professionals who are unbiased and trustworthy.
- - - - Tuchman- Narrow roles for women created "symbolic annihilation".
      - Ferguson- Forever Feminine. Women are portrayed to reflect traditional feminine looks such as home-makers and sex objects. She also found magazines produced traditional views of femininity.
      - Relatively invisible in some parts of media.
      - Naomi Wolf's "The beauty myth"- She argues the fashion and beauty industries are exploiting women. She believes women have the choice to do what they want with their faces and bodies and that standards of beauty should be relaxed.
      - Bristol Fawcett- CBeebies study showed only 30% of characters were women.
      - The media uses women to sell products through seduction and female objectification eg. perfume adverts.
    - - Easthorpe- Men are represented as violent, possessing strength and aggression.
      - Metrosexual= "new man", emotional and sensitive.
      - Whannel- Analysed images of David Beckham as examples of metrosexual and retributive masculinity.
      - Retributive masculinity= Return to traditional masculinity.
    - - Gauntlett- A shift in attitudes across a range of media from the 90's. However, he believes things have stopped changing on TV.
      - Representation is more equal and non-stereotyped. However, ratios of men:women have not changed for a decade.
      - Gill- A change from passive to active in representations of women in advertising.
      - Films show men and women with similar talents and challenge conventional masculinity. However, men still tend to have leading roles.
      - Glascock- Portrayals of strong women as female lead eg. Prime suspect and X files.
      - Older men are more likely to lead than older women.
  - - - Newman- Said very few realistic programmes that concentrate on working class people "pitying or unflattering".
      - Dodd and Dodd- Studied Eastenders and found realism and hard-hitting issues but combine nostalgic view of "supportive community" which is unrealistic.
      - Devereaux- Said there are 2 working class portrayals: Happy and deserving poor and Negative and on benefits.
      - Jones- Said "Chav" is the medias way of condemning working class culture. Jones uses the word "Chavtainment" to refer to many shows that portray the working classes negatively eg. Jeremy Kyle Show.
    - - Golding and Middleton- Studied media generated moral panics about welfare abuse and found the poor are constructed in the media as either deserving or undeserving.
      - Price- Termed Benefit Street "poverty porn" intended to be condemned by audience.
    - - The middle class is over-represented in most TV soaps, dramas and sitcoms.
      - Marxists believe this promotes ruling class ideology. Middle classes are promoted as a "meritocracy" which creates "false class consciousness".
      - Pluralists believe it accurately reflects society, the middle class is stable and unchanging.
    - - Nairn- The media representations of royal family like a soap opera and linked to national identity. They are viewed as "Like us but not like us", "Nice, decent, ordinary" and linked to 2nd World War.
      - Reiner- Upper classes' wealth portrayed as linked to meritocracy.
        
        This can be seen as "false class consciousness" by Neo-Marxists as it is preventing analysing inequality.
  - - - Postman- Excessive exposure to media is making childhood disappear. Children are sexualised in the media.
      - Children are stereotyped as better at media than adults and consumers with "pester power".
      - Heintz-Knowles- Studied children on TV and found children (girls and boys) were shown equally but portrayed differently.
    - - Youths are stereotyped as a social problem or threat and potentially violent.
      - Osgerby- Media represents "youth as trouble"
      - Wayne- Studied TV news on young people and found 82% was crime related. Media ignores positive stories about young people and does not interview them.
      - Based on a survey 85% of youth felt badly portrayed in the media and 80% felt adults were wary of them as a result.
    - - Landis- Identified 8 stereotypes: grumpy, fiesty, sickly, depressed, lonely, wise, busybody, mentally deficient.
      - Carrigan and Szmigin- "Grey pound" advertising now reflecting an older audience with positive views of ageing.
      - Biggs- Said there is evidence of change. More old people in soap operas and more active old people shown. But negative portrayal in sitcoms.
- - - - Mass Media
        
        Opinion leader
        
        Individuals
    - - Media effects depending on cultural background.
      - The gender, age, ethnicity and class of an audience will influence how a story effects them.
      - Gramsci- Media aims to keep audience consenting to capitalist and marxist ideas.
    - - Difficult to measure range of factors and not everyone has access to opinion leaders.
      - Other models argue people use media actively for their own needs.
  - - - Feshbach and Singer- Discovered that being exposed to media violence can act as a release for aggression. Whilst not being exposed to violence found that young people displayed more aggression.
    - - Only short term effects have been measured and it is difficult to measure direct effects.
      - Studies such as the Bobo doll doesn't reflect real life.
  - - - 4 ways people use media
        Information
        Identity
        Interaction
        Entertainment
    - - Hall- Suggests different ways of "reading" a message:
        Dominant reading- believe it
        Negotiated reading- alternative ideas
        Oppositional reading- totally different idea
    - - Klapper- Says media reinforces previous beliefs:
        Selective exposure
        Selective perception
        Selective retention
    - - Overly individualistic
      - Media is habitual not selective
- - - - Fear is justified