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MEDIA - Coggle Diagram

- - - - Bristol Fawcett- CBeebies study showed only 30% of characters were women.
      - Tuchman- Narrow roles for women created "symbolic annihilation".
      - Ferguson- Women are portrayed to reflect traditional feminine looks such as home-makers and sex objects. She also found magazines produced traditional views of femininity.
      - Relatively invisible in some parts of media.
      - Naomi Wolf's "The beauty myth"- She argues the fashion and beauty industries are exploiting women. She believes women have the choice to do what they want with their faces and bodies and that standards of beauty should be relaxed.
      - The media uses women to sell products through seduction and female objectification eg. perfume adverts.
    - - Easthorpe- Men are represented as violent, possessing strength and aggression.
      - Metrosexual= "new man", emotional and sensitive.
      - Whannel- Analysed images of David Beckham as examples of metrosexual and retributive masculinity.
      - Retributive masculinity= Return to traditional masculinity.
    - - Gauntlett- A shift in attitudes across a range of media from the 90's. However, he believes things have stopped changing on TV.
      - Representation is more equal and non-stereotyped. However, ratios of men:women have not changed for a decade.
      - Gill- A change from passive to active in representations of women in advertising.
      - Films show men and women with similar talents and challenge conventional masculinity. However, men still tend to have leading roles.
      - Glascock- Portrayals of strong women as female lead eg. Prime suspect and X files.
      - Politics dominated by men.
      - Older men are more likely to lead than older women.
  - - - Newman- Said very few realistic programmes that concentrate on working class people "pitying or unflattering".
      - Dodd and Dodd- Studied Eastenders and found realism and hard-hitting issues but combine nostalgic view of "supportive community" which is unrealistic.
      - Devereaux- Said there are 2 working class portrayals: Happy and deserving poor and Negative and on benefits.
      - Jones- Said "Chav" is the medias way of condemning working class culture. Jones uses the word "Chavtainment" to refer to many shows that portray the working classes negatively eg. Jeremy Kyle Show.
    - - Golding and Middleton- Studied media generated moral panics about welfare abuse and found the poor are constructed in the media as either deserving or undeserving.
      - Price- Termed Benefit Street "poverty porn" intended to be condemned by audience.
    - - The middle class is over-represented in most TV soaps, dramas and sitcoms.
      - Marxists believe this promotes ruling class ideology. Middle classes are promoted as a "meritocracy" which creates "false class consciousness".
      - Pluralists believe it accurately reflects society, the middle class is stable and unchanging.
    - - Nairn- The media representations of royal family like a soap opera and linked to national identity. They are viewed as "Like us but not like us", "Nice, decent, ordinary" and linked to 2nd World War.
      - Reiner- Upper classes' wealth portrayed as linked to meritocracy.
        
        This can be seen as "false class consciousness" by Neo-Marxists as it is preventing analysing inequality.
- - - - Diverse representations and alternative range of views.
      - Supply and demand; media supplies what the audience demand.
        
        Whale- Argues the shape and nature of the press is determined by its readers.
      - Skilled professionals who are unbiased and trustworthy.
      - The 4th Estate: Protection over democracy and freedom, it exposes corruption and control.
        
        Williams- Says journalists provide an essential service in a democracy.
    - - They ignore the negative impacts of the media.
      - They ignore the fact that most media professionals come from one social background.
      - Ignore power and control issues.
      - Leveson Report exposes media corruption at high levels.
  - - - Liberal Feminism- Equality between men and women is the aim.
      - Marxist Feminism- Capitalism is adding to the exploitation of women.
      - Radical Feminism- Every aspect of society needs to be looked at and deconstructed and rebuilt. Men are the enemy.
    - - Liberal believe change is occurring in representation of women.
        But they are under-represented behind cameras eg. they only make up 16% of directors.
        There is also a "cultural lag" meaning the media is behind social change.
      - Radical belive there is no change happening.
        Symbolic annihilation of women.
        Stereotypes, "Beauty Myth", "Malestream" media.
      - Marxist believe the media keeps women in traditional roles which supports capitalism.
        "Beauty Myth" also supports capitalism through consumption.
    - - STUDY
        
        Whelehan- Studied men's magazines and argues "an attempt to override the message of feminism".
        
        RESPONSE
        
        Gauntlett- Says that men's magazines have more than one message.
      - STUDY
        
        McRobbie- Says the negative impact of girls' magazines is causing "normative discontent".
        
        RESPONSE
        
        Fraser- Girls laugh at magazines.
    - - Legal and social equality eg. the right to vote and education.
      - Public inequality eg. equal rights and pay.
      - Personal eg. individual identity.
      - Key dates
        
        1st wave
        1918- Limited women got the vote.
        1928- Universal suffrage.
        
        2nd wave
        1970- Equal pay act.
        1975- Sex discrimination act.
        
        4th wave
        2000-2010- Focuses on the importance of technology eg. women have their voices heard.
  - - - Milliband- Says media makes capitalism seem inevitable. "New opium of the people". The media is like a drug it controls.
      - Cornford and Robins- Say digital media is owned by capitalists who want to make money and control the ideology of the masses. Media has the power to shape the ideas of the population.
      - Castells Network Society- Argues we are now a society defined by information rather than industry, although still capitalist. Power now rests in media.
  - - - Unconscious racism- black people portrayed as "the source of trouble".