Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
TOPIC 2: The Establishment of the Nazi dictatorship and its domestic…
TOPIC 2: The Establishment of the Nazi dictatorship and its domestic policies
Co-ordination
Gleichschaltung
Nazifying of German society and was essential to the 1000 yr reich
Treatment of Laender
31 March 1933 - dissolved regional parliaments
Jan 1934 - Regional state parliaments abolished
Single Party state
Regional parliaments abolished
Reichstag Fire Decree 1933 - Communist outlawed
Enabling Act 1933 - Reich chancellore to pass laws without consulting reichstag - parliamentary democracy ended
Law for the Restoration of the professional civil service 1933 - Dismissed all Jews and political opponents from civil service
Law against the Founding of New Parties 14 July 1933 - Membership to other parties illegal
All parties agreed to dissolve
Economic, Social and Cultural Life
-
Sept 1933 - Reich Culture Chamber
Only if affiliated with organisation then yo may continue profession
Controlled Culture, so that their is less foreign influences
Treatment of trade unions
1 may - nazi declare national holiday so that the SS and SA could occupy the trade union premises
funds confiscated + leaders arrested - sent to Dachau
Independent trade unions banned
German labour Front DAF established - 22million members + lacked the right to negotiate wages and conditions
1934 -Hitler Youth was the only legal youth group in Germany
Exposed to Nazi ideology from a young age
prevented other influences which could deter them from Nazi ideals
The Night of the Long Knives June 1938
Causes
Rohm opposed, wanted more left wing policies for working class
-Rohm and SA wanted National Socialist Revolution for social and economic reforms
Rohm wanted to merge SA with army - peoples army
Rohm + SA growing power - SA 3million and Army 100,000
SA were to violent - undisciplined
Events
1934 - Army +SS warned Hitler Rohm intended to sieze power
Rohm and senior officers arrestested and killed
400 people, including 150 SA, killed
Von schleicher + strasser killed
Consequences
Hitler won support from conservative rights
army had to take an oath of personal loyalty to Hitler
SA virtually disarmed
Hitler secured his personal political supremacy
Death of Hindenburg 1934
1934 Law Concerning the Head of state of the German Reich
Combined chancellor and president
Hitler declared himself Fuhrer
-Called a plebiscite to confirm his position
Nazi propaganda - 90% of vote
The Nazi Party and the Germany state
Totalitarian Government
Many elements of Germany's bureaucracy remained in place because they were well established, educated an effective staff
1934 - 95% of civil servants swore an oath of loyalty to Hitler
Reich Chancellery - Heinrich Lammers
drew up government legislation and provided a vital link between Hitler and all other organisations
Judges and lawyers were obliged to join the Nazi lawyers' Association + oath
The decree Nacht und Nebel 1941 - SS had the right to imprison any person without question
Bormann - The department for internal party affairs and the department of affairs of state
Independence of the Gauleiters + continued existence if established state institutions
Worikung twoards the Fuhrer
Hitler avoided making decisions
-Hitler had little contact with ministers
Cabinet only met 4 times 1936
Rudolf Hess - vet the appointment and promotion of all civil servants and oversee the drafting of all legislation
increased power over state
Propaganda and Censorship
1933 - Goebbels appoint head of propaganda
Radio
April 1934 - regional radios centralised into Reich Radio Company
1939 - 1/3 radio was political propaganda +2/3 music glorifying the german nation
1937 - 70% owned radios
Radios had limited pick up range - to limit ability to pic up foreign broadcasts
The Press
All left wing newspaper shut down
Centralised to Reich Press Chamber directed by Max Amann
1933 Editor's Law - Compelled to report views of regime
Nazi Ritual
Heil Hitler
Horst Wessel anthem
Uniforms - to strengthen identity with regime
Culture
modern music wad condemned and banned
Jazz was condemned as degenerate because of influence of African American
Jewish conductors and musicians dismissed
Reich Chamber of Literature - damaging and undesirable lit
-Modern art dismissed and removed from all galleries
-1933 Reich film chamber - every member of film industry had to join
Reich Cinema Law - scripts could be censored or banned
Promoted aryan race, family, anti-Semitism , war
SS Police State
1936 - all police powers were unified under Himmler + Gestapo
SS
Intelligence
SD
Informers and block wardens
Military Action of Waffen SS
Racially pure and loyal to Nazi ideology
1938 - 14,0000 soldier
1939-1945 - divisions increased by 30
Policing
Kripo resposible for the maintenance o fgenral law and order
1936 - linked with Gestapo, which waged war on political and social enemies of state
Opponents
SS Death Units ran concentration camps
Concentration camps - Dachau publicised to terrorise and deter public from opposition
1936-39 - prisoners increased by 15,000
1939 - 250,000 members
Gestapo
"All knowing police state"
Comprehensive penetration of society
40,000 agents
Half of mill people only policed by 40-50
Prompted by public informers - 50-80%
Mainly rumours
Over - reliance on Kripo, so not necessary
Surveillance and repression was mainly used on political and social enemies
Did not impose a climate of terror on ordinary Germans
Volksgemeinschaft
Youth Groups/Education
All youth Groups banned 1933 except Hitler Youth
1936 - Membership 6 million
1939 Membership was compulsory
AIM: to control Germany youth and limit non Nazi influences
indoctrinate youth
Girls - Motherly characteristics
Boys - Soldier mindset
Baldur von Schirach
Youth Leader
1933 - Reichsleiter Youth educations
set militaristic tone
Opposition
Swing Youth 1939
Middle/upper class
Jazz +swing - American influence
Opposed nationalism
1941 - 300 arrested
Edelweiss Pirates
Non conformist behaviour - rebelled against regimentation of leisure
Ambushed hitler youth
When found by Gestapo, heads shaved, concentration camps, prison
-1944 Himmler hanged 13 in cologne
Boys - physical and military type activities
Girls - maternal and domestic type activites
Education
PE prioritised
biology enforces racial genetics
Napolas - skl run by SS
Women and Family
Roles
Domestic sphere
Thre K's - Kinder, Kuche, Kirche
Marriage
1933 - 600Rm marriage loan if unemployed
1935 Marriage Law required certificate of fitness to marry before marriage
1935 - Blood protection law - Marriage to Jew, blacks, gypsies forbidden
1938 Marriage law extended for grounds for divorce
Births
1935 Lebensborn programme - unmarried aryan women impregnated by ss
1944 - 11,000 children born through lebensborn
Honour Cross of German Motherhood - B4-5; S6-7; G8+
Higher taxes for childless couples
-tighter penalties on abortion + restrictions on contraceptives
Compulsory sterilisation of undesirables
Employment
1933 Women dismissed from civil service and medical jobs
1936 Banned from being judges lawyers
1939 7.1 million women employed - 37% workforce - Four yr Plan
Outsiders
Propaganda
Anti Semitic newspapers - Der Angriff
The eternal Jew
-Anti Semitic mathematical problems
Violence
The Anschluss March 1938 - Violence and humiliation of 190,000 Austrian Jews
Kristallnacht Nov 1938 - SParked by assasination of enrst von rath by a polish jew
100 deaths
-10,000 Jewish businesses attacked
-200 synagogues burned
20,00 Jews deported to concentration camps
Forced Emmigration
1938 Central office for Jewish Emigration
6months - 45,000 forced to emigrate
Reich central office for Jewish Emigration
1933-39 - 257,000 Jewish emigres
-1939 - 30,0000 gypsies deported to poland
Stateless
1935 Nuremburg Laws - Law for the protection of German blood + Reich citizenshp law - deporved of citizenship
1933 - law for the restoration of civil service - Jews banned from civil service
German Army and Economic Recovery
German Army
Oath of loyalty to Hitler
Any act of resistance was act of serious treachery
Deterred from rebelling against Hitler
1935 Reintroduction of conscription - increased size of army to 550,000
Blomberg-Fritsch crisis 1937-8
Hossbach conference Nov 1937 - policy aims for military expansion
Fritsch and Blomberg concerend as germnay military unporepared for war
Feb 1938 - both forced out of office
Abloshed post of defenc eminister
Hitler took title f commander in chied and minister of war
Rearmament - Four Year Plan 1936
increase agricultural production
increase the production of raw materials
develop ersatz products
control the labour force to prevent inflation
regulate imports and exports in favour of rearmament at the expense of agriculture
Economy
Farming and small businesses
Tarrifs on imported produce
Reich entailed Farm Law - debtes were reduced bu tax concessions + lower interest rates
State Investment and public works
June 1933 Law to reduce unemployment - voluntary labour service
RAD required young men 6 months of unpaid work before entering army
1936 - PB 8.1bill , gov expenditure 15.8nill
1933-36 - Public investment increased by 5.6 billion
Bilateral trade treaties - promote trade and save foreign exchange
Exert economic influence in Balkans
Agreed to buy raw materials but Germany goods could only be bought with Reichsmark
Mefo bills
Held up to 4% interst rate per annum
1936 - unemployment 1.6 mill