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INTRODUCTION TO THE COURSE, LEXICAL FEATURES OF TRANSLATION, Americanisms,…

- - - - the graphic, literal form of a word
- - - - Lake Superior – Озеро Верхнее
        the Pacific Ocean – Тихий океан
        Rocky Mountains – Скалистые горы
    - - New Mexico – Нью-Мексико (not “Новая Мексика”)
        
        Company names
        
        are transcribed by means of transcription:
        
        Paramount Pictures – Парамаунт пикчерз
        
        polysemantic words
        
        depending on the context, have a very different meaning.
        
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        Micro-context
        
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        The names of parties, international organizations and government services
        
        Security Council – Совет безопасности
        
        some exceptions :
        
        Labour Party – Лейбористская партия (а не трудовая)
    - - North Dakota – Северная Дакота
        New Zealand – Новая Зеландия
- - - - Past Simple
        
        not to respect the rule of tense agreement
        
        He said he is feelling bad
        
        a different word order
        
        He then asked for another appointment.
        
        Prepositions and Articles:
        
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- - - - Past Perfect
        
        to respect the rule of tense agreement
        
        He said he was feelling bad
        
        Then he asked for another appointment.
        
        Prepositions and Articles:
        
        in the street
        
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- - - - as a method of abridged translation consists of selecting key units of the source text from the translator's point and translate them in full.
        
        Summary presentations, newspapers, reports
    - - as a means of reduced transmission of the source text in another language is to link the translated text of functionally transformed units of the source text
        
        retelling
  - - - is to choose a way of the original information that results in a translated text with an adequate initial impact on the recipient
        
        fiction, journalism, some scientific-theoretical and popular science texts
    - - consists in the possibility of transferring the contextual meaning of the elements of the source text more fully into the units of the target language.
        
        important historical docs;
        works of high literature;
        unique epic poems
    - - is a word-for-word reproduction of a text in the units of the translating language preserving as far as possible even the order of the elements.
        
        linguistic analysis
- - - - Phoneme-Super phrase-Super sentence
        
        the smallest unit of sound in speech (English has 44 phonemas, or sounds)
      - topic
        
        what about is said?
      - rhema
        
        what is said?
- - - - are words used to express concepts that do not exist in the other culture and, as a rule, cannot be translated into another language in one word, have no equivalents outside the language to which they belong.
        
        ATLAS, ADRAS
        
        onomastic realities
        
        Geographical names (toponyms), especially those with cultural and historical associations
        
        Boston Pops – Бостонский оркестр популярной (легкой) музыки
        
        anthroponyms - names of historical figures, public figures, scientists, writers, artists, popular sportsmen, characters of fiction
        
        Mickey Mouse – Микки Маус – мышонок
        
        transmitting realis
        
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        names of works of literature and art; historical facts and events in the life of the country; names of state and public institutions public institutions
        
        BBC – British Broadcasting Corporation – Британская радиовещательная компания
- - - - Words that have external similarities (sound and spelling) with words in Russian, but whose meaning is not always the same
        
        Dramatic – драматический, драматичный, неожиданный, яркий,впечатляющий, сенсационный
- - - - Expanding the meaning;
        
        used in different contexts acquires new shades of meaning
        
        “deterrent”
        
        chemical term
        
        reaktsiyani tartibga soluvchi
        
        political language
        
        to'xtatuvchi
      - Prefixal and suffixal formation of new words;
        
        The prefix “re”
        
        repetition of the action
        
        Rethinking – Retraining
        
        The suffix “ee”
        
        an object of action
        
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        The prefix “de”
        
        reverse action
        
        Destabilize
        
        The suffix “nik”
        
        has a disapproving, ironic connotation
        
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        Prefix: mini, midi, maxi, miniboom, maxi coat, maxi dress
        
        Suffix: ship - Statesmanship
      - By conversion, substantiation and adjectivation
        
        to snowball - kattalashmoq
        
        the poor - kambag`allar
        
        Techniques for translation of neologisms
        
        1) transcription
        
        2) transliteration
        
        3) calque
        
        4)descriptive translation
- - - - not complete sentences as headings
      - Complete sentences as headings
      - structured as ellipses (omitting certain words)
        
        a word combination with a participle or a gerund
        
        6.Colons and question marks
      - the A nominative sentence
- - - - The most difficult procedure in the process of solving lexico-semantic problems
        
        Descriptive translation
        
        "kruzhalo" (ring-shaped base of the cupola of the wooden church)