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Chapter 5, need to know, cells transport, Cellular_Respiration_Simple,…

- - - - Photosythesis
        
        atoms of carbon dioxide and water are rearranged
        
        sugar and oxygen are produced
        
        some energy in sunlight captured by chloroplasts
        
        cellular respiration
        
        https://youtu.be/eJ9Zjc-jdys?si=k02hL5n9BHONZjYF
        
        cells capture energy from electrons "falling" from organic fuels to oxygen
        
        redox reactions which are really just reduction plus oxidation
        
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        electrons removed from fuel molecules (oxidation) and transfer to NAD mankingNADH (reduction)
        
        NADH
        
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    - - respiration
        
        reepiration in the breahting sense to an exhancge of gasses.
      - cellular respiration
        
        cellular respiration is the aerobic harvesting of energy
        
        transfers energy from glucose ro form atp
        
        exergonic (energy -relased) process
  - - - stage 1 glycolysis
        
        Location Cytosol
        
        breaks down glucose into two molecules of a three carbon compound called pyruvate
        
        output : 2 pyruvate , 4 ATP, 2 NADH, 2 H20
        
        input 1 glucose , 2 atp, 2NAD+
        
        gives up electrons
        
        as a fiorm of hydrogen ions
        
        ferrmentaion
      - stage 2
        
        pyruvate oxidation and citric acid cycle
        
        location: Mitochondria
        
        oxidize pyruvate
        
        acetyl CoA, CO2, and NADH
        
        for each turn of the acid cycle
        
        2 COs are realeased, and
        
        two carbons from acetyl CoA are added
        
        3 NADH and 1 FADH@ are produced (supply third stage with electrons)
      - stage 3
        
        oxidative phosphorylation involves electron transport and chemiosmosis
        
        trasferring electrons from donors to acceptors 0s
        
        create electrochemical gradient of mions
  - - - NADH as Pyruvate is reduces to
        
        lactate (lactic acid fermentation
        
        Lactate(lactic acid fermentaion)
  - - - heterotrophs
        
        decomposers
        
        if not all the ead stuff would oile up
      - autotrophs
        
        photoautotrophs
        
        makes their own food
      - happens on the leafs on the plant
        
        leaf
        
        stomata
        
        chloroplassts
        
        grana
        
        chlorophyll
        
        thylakoid
        
        stroma
        
        mesophyll
        
        passiv e reaction
    - - redox (oxidation-reduction) porocess
        
        phososythesis
        
        H20 is oxidized
        
        C02 is reduced
        
        celllular respiration glucose is oxidized and H20 is reduced
      - light reactions
        
        thylakoids
        
        make atp and nadph
      - calvin cycle
    - - light =electromagnetic energy
        
        electromagnetic radiation
        
        photon
        
        wavelength
      - pigments violet to red
        
        obsorbes the light
        
        leaves braking doen in different pigments as the season changed, the sun goes away and the exposuse of the hif=dden colors.
        
        photosystems
        
        light harvesting complexes
        
        reaction center complex
    - - CO2 to sugar
        
        steps of the calvin sycle
        
        carbon fixation
        
        reduction
        
        releaseof G3P
        
        regeneratetion of RuBP
        
        carbon from CO2 + electrons from NADH
        
        https://youtu.be/sQK3Yr4Sc_k?si=ZRyReDbZXwtOAvjx
        
        C3 plants and photosythesis
        
        photosyntheses
        
        photoresperation
        
        C4
        
        spatial seperation w/ bundle sheath cells
        
        Cam Plants
        
        Temporal seperation w/ crasssulacean acid metabolis ()cam) to fix carbon
        
        least efficient
        
        least h20 loss
    - - provides food, and O2 for almost all living organisms
      - raising carbon dioxide may afffect plansts in various ways
        
        scientiosts
    - - cell divisio and reproductionn
        
        cell division
        
        sexual reproduction
        
        asexual repri=uducition
        
        can be affected by many factors
        
        density dependent
        
        if its too crouded cells stop dividing
        
        anchorage-dependent
        
        growth factor
        
        pdgf
        
        cells cannot do this without
        
        nutrition
        
        cancer cells
        
        uncontrolled cell division
        
        producews a mass of cells tumor
        
        malignant tumor can mlove aropund nbody
        
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        binary fission
        
        as the cell receicates its single chromosmome
        
        the plasma ebrane pinches inward
        
        more cell wall is made which eventually divides the parent cell into to daughter cells.
        
        copies move apart
        
        the large complex chromosomes
        
        centromere
        
        chromatids
        
        https://youtu.be/mBq1ULWJp_M?si=A3LQ48kdya_yqLzb
        
        https://youtu.be/gcz1FOWw0Cg?si=AwVBs9ZYAb6eTAQH
        
        https://youtu.be/zrKdz93WlVk?si=aadQ8O99Lpd5nHZJ
        
        the cell cycle
        
        ordered sequence of events that extends
        
        interphase
        
        G1 cell is grwing first stage gap fase making things
        
        makingthe organelles other cellular arts will duplicae except the chromosmmes
        
        G2
        
        cell chekcs for any errors during duplication
        
        miotic spindle
        
        mitosis
        
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        animal cells devide into clevage furrow
        
        2 phase S phase interphase, dna sythesis, copdty of dna
        
        miotic spindle
        
        moves dna around
        
        microtublies
        
        divides that move to opposite sides to form cells.
      - the eukkaryoticcell cyclecdell cycle
        
        charmatin
        
        loose threads in nucleus
        
        chromosome
        
        packed jup form of dna that cell uses for compacting dna when it needs to be moved around.
        
        centromere
        
        hand that keeps ot togehter.
        
        chrmomtids
        
        indivisual strand of dna sigle piece fropm start to end.
        
        after duplication they are identical
      - chromosomes are mached in homologuus pairs
        
        somatin cells
        
        locus
        
        homologous chromosomes
        
        chromosomes that havethe dsame basic information
        
        same gene different versions
        
        gametes have sinlde se of cdhromosomes
        
        somatic
        
        diploid
        
        two sets of chromosomes
        
        2n=46
        
        gametes
        
        haploid
        
        half the amound
        
        n=23
      - meosis reduces the chromosome number from diolploid to haploid
        
        PMAT
        
        Meiosis ii
        
        telophase 11
        
        anaphase 11
        
        pulls sister away
        
        metaphase 11
        
        lined un sinclg e file half the amoutn of chromotins in this process.
        
        prophase 11
        
        nuclier envolope didnt have enought time to go to chomotin
        
        Meiosis 1
        
        anaphase 1
        
        sister chromodits are still together
        
        metaphase 1
        
        big and little chromosomes
        
        each pair lines up in their own way
        
        telophase 1
        
        turn into two daughter cells
        
        prophase 1
        
        crossing over
        
        genetic variation
        
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        differneceds ton between meiosism and mitosis
      - mitosis
        
        meiosis
        
        purpose
        
        divisions
        
        of daughter cells
        
        ploidy of daughter cells
        
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        groth tissue repair asexual; reproduction
        
        1
        
        2
        
        Diploid
        
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        sexual reproduction
        
        2
        
        4
        
        haploid
        
        no
        
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- - - - thermal energy
        
        adding or taking away heat.
    - - chemical energy
        
        energy stored in a chemical structure
  - - - two laws
        
        second law
        
        energy transfers of transformations increase disorder or entropy, with some energy being lost as heat
        
        1st law
        
        law of energy conservation: energy can change form but cannot be created or destroyed
      - the collection of matter that is being studies is the SYSTEM
        
        everything arounds it it=s called the surroundings,
        
        isolated is where no energy or matter is being exhanged
        
        open doesmhumsna are oipen systems changing thingsa round us.
  - - - release energy
    - - requires energy and yeild products in rich potential energy
        
        ex photosynthesis because plants are going to make glucose from carbon dioxide and water, restof the energy comes from sunlight.
    - - metabolic
      - energy coupling
      - metabolism
      - https://youtu.be/23ZzI6WZS28?si=T2fBQfUwaxfdub-Q
        
        phosphorylation
        
        https://youtu.be/eJ9Zjc-jdys?si=AOvtXMFCDYJHkLDv
- - - - barrier to overcome before you can start the raction, it activates the energy to start the chemical reaction
    - - active site
        
        location for the enzymes
      - induced fit
      - substrate
      - optimal condition for enzymes
        
        ph
        
        temperature
        
        cofactors
        
        coenzymes
  - - - noncompetative
      - competative
- - - - Mosaic of diverse protiens
      - Plasma Membrane has slectice Permeability
        
        certian things can permiate throught: hybrophobic, or small enough
        
        the protiens have various functions
        
        chanel transport protien
        
        diffusion of small nonpolar molecules
        
        receptor protien
        
        glysoprotien
        
        attachment protien
        
        junction protien
        
        active transport protien
        
        how things get through?
        
        Diffusion
        
        tendency of particles to spread out evenly in an available space.
        
        https://youtu.be/jhszFBtBPoI?si=a9O02149AwtqFZ4-
        
        when water is diffusing across a selectivly permeable membrane
        
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        Facilitated Diffusion
        
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        active transport
        
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        passive transport
        
        no energy required to pass through
        
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      - Fluid Phospholipid bilayer
        
        spontaneously self assemble into simple membranes
        
        https://youtu.be/qBCVVszQQNs?si=nXSkGKjihqFeE6Hd