Please enable JavaScript.
Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.
Maria Palacios P2 Skeletal - Coggle Diagram
Maria Palacios P2 Skeletal
Types of Bones
Long w/ expanded cells:
Ex: arm & leg bones
Short almost equal in length & width:
Ex: wrist & ankle bones
Sesamoid small & round:
Ex: patella
Flat plate-like shape & broad surface
Ex: ribs, scapula, flat skull bones
Irregular varied shape:
Ex: vertebrae, SOME face bones
Long Bone Anatomy
Epiphyses: extended end of bones (spongy bone)
Diaphysis: shaft bone
Periosteum: tough layer of dense connective tissue
Endosteum: thin layer of cells lining med. cavity
Hollow chamber: medullary cavity
bone marrow inside
Bony processes: attachment site, openings/ grooves
Compact bone: tightly packed tissue (diaphysis walls)
Spongy bone: branching plates
Structure of Bone Tissue
Osteocytes: in lacunae
pass nutrients through canaliculi
Lamellae: around Haversian canal
contains blood vessels & nerves
Osteocytes & extracellular matrix are in Haversian systems
Volkman's canal: help osteons share blood supply & nerves
Spongy bone: made of osteocytes & extracellular matrix
Bone Remodeling
1) Blood escapes from blood vessel & forms a hematoma
2) Spongy blood forms close to blood vessels; fibrocartilage forms in distant regions
3) Bony callus replaces fibrocartilage
4) Osteclasts remove excess bony tissue
Bone Fractures
Greenstick: incomplete & on surface
Fissured: incomplete longitudinal break
Comminuted: complete & multiple fragments
Transverse: complete & @ right angle to axis of bone
Oblique: occurs @ angle other than right angle to axis
Spiral: excessive twisting of bone
Joints
Synarthrotic: immovable
Amphiarthrotic: slightly moveable
Diarthrotic: freely moveable
Synovial Joints
Ball-and-socket: egg-shaped head w/ cup-shaped cavity; shoulder & hip
Condylar: between metacarpals & phalanges
Planes: nearly flat or slightly curved; wrist & ankle, vertebrae
Hinge: elbow & joints, phalanges
Pivot: cylindrical surface; between axis & atlas
Saddle: between carpal & metacarpal of thumb
Joint Movements
Abduction: away from midline
Adduction: toward midline
Rotation: around axis
Extension: straightening joints
Inversion: turning sole of foot toward center
Elevation: raising body
Depression: lowering body
Eversion: turning sole of foot away center
Male vs. Female
Pelvic Girdle
Women
wider pubic arch
lighter, thinner bones
Pelvic Cavity
Women
wider & shorter in diameter
Sacrum: wider, sharper curvature
Coccyx: more moveable
Bones
Skull Bones
Frontal bone (forehead)
Parietal bone (top sides of head)
Occipital bone (base of head)
Temporal bone (bottom sides of head)
Sphenoid bone (temples)
Zygomatic bone (cheek)
Maxilla (upper mouth)
Mandible (chin)
Nasal bone (nose bridge)
Vomer
Appendicular Skeleton
Clavicle (collarbone)
Scapula (shoulder blade)
Humerus (upper-arm bone)
Ulna (bone on pinky-side)
Radius (bone on thumb-side)
Carpals (wrist bone)
Metacarpals (bones in palm)
Phalanges (fingers)
Femur (thigh bone)
Patella (knee)
Tibia (big toe side)
Fibula (pinky toe side)
Tarsals (ankle bone
Metatarsals (sole bones)
Vertebral Column
Ribs
Thoracic vertebrae
Sternum (breastbone)
Lumbar (lowerback)
Cervical vertebrae (neck)
Sacrum (tailbone)
Atlas (1st vertebrae)
Axis (2nd vertebrae)
Pelvic Girdle
Ilium
Ischium
Pubis
Disorders/ Diseases
Osteoarthritis
Causes/ Risks: bone deformities, joint injuries
Symptoms: tenderness, pain, stiffness
Treatment: prescriptions, cortisone injections
Description: finger deformation, cartilage destruction
Osteogenesis Imperfecta
Causes/ Risks: bone bowing, frequent fractures
Symptoms: muscle weakness, limb deformity & shortening
Treatment: uncurable, bone marrow transplant
Description: bent bones, barrel chest
Osteosacroma
Causes/ Risks: radiotherapy
Symptoms: bone fracture, limited movement
Treatment: surgery, chemotherapy
Description: swelling of area/ bone
Paget's Disease
Causes/ Risks: men more common, viral infection?
Symptoms: bone deformity in legs/arms, hip & pelvis pain
Treatment: joint replacement, realignment of bones
Description: thick & deformed bones, bones grown out of control
Osteomyelitis
Causes/ Risks: puncture infection, direct contamination
Symptoms: swelling, chills, fever
Treatment: surgical drainage, amputation
Description: redness, swelling, purple skin