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TOPIC 46. THE HISTORICAL SETTING OF THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA: FROM THE…

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- - - - Official Close of the War in September 1783 when Britain, USA, France and Spain negotiated the Peace of Paris. It recognised the U.S. as a new and independent country.
        
        In 1781, John Dickinson drafted the "Articles of Confederation", but they were revised in Philadelphia (1787) by 55 delegates representing all states except Rhode Island. They drew up a new document which is still in use in the USA. The delegates agreed on a written constitution, the separation of powers, the need for the federal government to be strong and have the power to declare war and make peace and to tax and regulate commerce. However, there were disagreements on the issue of representation and slavery. This was set in:
        
        "The Connecticut Compromise", established a bicameral legislature with two houses for equal representation of each state in the Senate, while maintaining the principle of representation by population in the House of Representatives
        
        The 3/5 Compromise: For the purpose of determining a state's representation in the House of Representatives and for federal taxation, enslaved persons would be counted as 3/5 of a free person. Congress agreed not to prohibit the importation of enslaved persons until 1808.
        
        the following years were characterised by
        
        a spirit of expansionism by land purchase (Louisiana and Florida), war (in Mexico, as a beginning of imperialist sentiment, annexing Texas and obtaining New Mexico, California, Nevada, Utah, Arizona and Colorado) and by people movement to California, Oregon and Mexico
        
        women's role shifted after having economic importance during the war of independence, taking charge of farms and businesses. Women began to challenge traditional gender norms. They became more involved in social reform movements. The Seneca Falls Convention in 1848 marked a pivotal moment in the women's rights movement, credited with launching the women's suffrage movement in USA.
        
        agriculture: America produced +75% of the world's cotton
        
        social upheaval and slavery led to war
        
        THE CIVIL WAR
        https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3ah0Y1E_19E&pp=ygUcbWlndWVsIGRlIGx5cyBlc3RhZG9zIHVuaWRvcw%3D%3D
        
        war broke out in April 1861 when confederate army began the battle of Fort Sumter in South Carolina.
        
        https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xsbEmWkit9Y
        
        The practice of slavery in the US was one of the political issues of the nineteenth century.
        Disunion came after Abraham Lincoln won the 1860 US presidential election non an anti-slavery expansion platform. Initially, seven southern slave states declared their secession from the Confederacy. After confederate forces seized numerous federal forts within territory they claimed, the attempted Crittenden Compromise (unsuccessful proposal to permanently enshrine slavery in the US constitution and make it unconstitutional for future congresses to end slavery) failed and both sides prepared for war.
        
        Earliest conflict to employ industrial warfare = 1st modern war. Rail roads, telegraph, steamships, ironclad warship, and mass-produced weapons were employed extensively.
        The war left 620,000 soldiers dead and many casualties. It was the deadliest military conflict in American history.
        The mobilisation of civilian factories, mines, shipyards, banks, transportation and food supplies foreshadowed the impact of industrialisation in WW1&2 and subsequent conflicts.
        More importantly, 3 constitutional Amendments (1865-1870): slavery was abolished, Afroamerican were considered citizens allowed to vote.
        The south was dissatisfied, divided in 5 military districts and started a policy of segregation.
        
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        September (1862): Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation which aimed to end the war. It effectively ended on April 9, 1865, when Confederate General Lee surrendered to Union General Grant at the Battle of Appomattox Court House.
        President Lincoln was assassinated just 5 days after Lee's surrender. The Confederacy collapsed, slavery was abolished and 4 M enslaved people were freed. The war-torn nation then entered the Reconstruction era in a partially successful attempt to rebuild the country and great civil rights to freed slaves.
        
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        The Battle of Antietam is also known as the bloodiest single day, resulting in 23,000 casualties in just one day of fighting. It saw the Union Army achieve a strategic victory over Confederate forces, ending Lee's invasion of Maryland. This battle discouraged Britain and France from recognising the Confederacy as a legitimate nation.
        
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        The Battle of Gettysburg was the bloodiest conflict of the Civil war with over 51,000 casualties. The Union victory boosted Northern morale and weakened the Confederate forces significantly. The Battle inspired President Lincoln's famous Gettysburg Address, which redefined the purpose of the war and emphasized the principles of liberty and equality.
        
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