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Revolutions - Coggle Diagram
Revolutions
POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC LIBERALISM
CRITICISM OF THE OLD REGIME
Political theories developed that advocated reforms to:
moderate the power of kings.
guarantee individual rights
One of the most important contributions of the Enlightenment and parliamentarianism.
enlightened thinkers
Montesquieu, Voltaire and Rousseau
formulated more radical criticisms that led to liberalism.
liberals developed a radical opposition to the Old Regime.
It was characterised by
political absolutism
the estate system
mainly agricultural economy based on the primary sector
Liberals criticized different aspects
The power of absolute monarchs and the Church
The power of monarchies and the privileges of the Church
limited individual rights and freedom of expression.
Monarchs and clerics censored criticism and the development of new ideas.
The legal inequality of the estate system
This is the absence of equality between all people before the law.
Society was divided into privileged social groups
nobles and clerics
and the rest of the population
the commoners or third estate
artisans
shopkeepers
professionals such as notaries and doctors
peasants
The survival of manorialism in the fiefdoms of the nobility and the Church.
the situation was not the same everywhere
inhabitants of fiefdoms had to
pay taxes
be subject to their laws.
work for their lords
The survival of a feudal economy.
there was great commercial and market growth during previous centuries
liberals criticised obstacles to development caused by
fiefdoms
privileged corporations such as guilds
goods that could not be sold or bought and trade restrictions
price controls established by the authorities during emergencies
IDEAS OF POLITICAL LIBERALISM
The Old Regime was heavily criticised
so a group of ideas formed around political liberalism
Liberal ideology take an alternative social and political order to the existing one.
The existence of unalienable individual rights.
human beings naturally possessed the right to life, liberty and property.
was established the right to inform, publish, teach and assemble.
The division of powers.
there should be a separation between the Church and the state
to prevent religious interference in civil society.
Sovereignty resides in the nation.
liberals advocated that people should govern themselves through their representatives in Parliament.
These should be elected by suffrage
They proposed a representative political power.
Equality of people before the law.
abolition of all privileges, fiefdoms, manorialism and the whole estate system.
Everyone, including the king, should be subject to the same laws
people would no longer be serfs and subjects
they would become citizens