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Correlational Research, Screenshot 2023-10-26 at 3.30.16 pm, Screenshot…
Correlational Research
Correlational
Designs
how do correlational designs work?
- measuring but not manipulating variables.
- multiple dependent variables
- the experimenter is not manipulating anything, just measuring participants.
- the same issues regarding descriptive studies apply:
- measurement/testing effects
- question-wording
- random sampling is needed to ensure external validity.
correlation is not causation
- in informal logic, an argument that tries to suggest that two things are related just because they co-occur or co-vary is a fallcy.
- X occurs after Y so they must be related
- X occurs at the same time as Y so they must be related.
how do we calculate correlations?
- we have 2 dependent variables > continuous variables that have a scale, not categorical variables.
- for each subject, we are going to measure them on both DVS (eg: income and happiness)
negative
- two variables co-vary in different directions.
- as scores on one variable increase, scores on the other variable decreases/as one decreases the other also decreases
no correlation/uncorrelated
- the two variables do not co-vary
- as the scores on one variable increase, the scores on the other variable are unrelated.
positive
- two variables co-vary in the same direction
- as scores on one variable increase, scores on the other variable increase/as one decreases the other also decreases.
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Confounds
sources of confounds in correlational designs
- person confounds: individual differences that tend to co-vary
- environmental confounds: situations that cause multiple differences
- operational confounds: a measure that measures multiple thing.
Limits
limits of correlational research
- correlational studies look at the relationship between measured variables
- can established co-variation
- cannot establish temporal sequence effectively
- cannot eliminate alternate explanations effectively
- low in internal validity
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