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FIRST MODULE - Coggle Diagram
FIRST MODULE
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nonpyramidal
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thalamus
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ventroanterior, ventromedial, ventrolateral thalamic nuclei
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animal models
6-OHDA
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reactive products produced by metabolism in mitochondria which causes the energy supply to change and start to kill of dopamine cells
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MPTP
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insert bilaterally or unilaterally if into carotid artery, can cross BBB
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behavioural tests
cylinder test - miming, how many hands they put up and whether they do double or single
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open field test
quantifies movements in terms of time, distance etc.
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in vivo
design techniques
optogenetics
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stimulation pattern
stimulate with light at optimal wavelenght, pulses of light in any pattern
disadvantages
expensive, tight regulatory controls, longer time, more points of failure
electrical stimulation
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stimulate cell bodies, dendrites, terminals, fibres of passage
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in vitro
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1st experiment: CULTURE: gabergic SNpr neurons, ADD: glutamatergic input from STN, RESULT: input increases activity via glutamatergic AMPA/NMDA receptors
2nd experiment: culture SNpr and glutamatergic STN neurons in adjacent wells with nanotubes so glutamatergic neurons grow and innervate SNpr. RESULTS: stimulating STN input in vitro increases activity in SNpr
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pyramidal
corticospinal tract
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1-2% synapse onto a-motor neuron of finger muscles, majority synapse onto spinal interneurons
motor cortex - internal capsule - cerebral peduncles - pyramids - spinal cord - spinal interneurons - amotor neuron - skeletal muscle
corticobulbar tract
arise in motor cortex areas that control face, tongue and pharyngeal muscles
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