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LU1: Pest concepts, found in paddy field 1 snail per cubic meter cause…

- - - - Physical Control
        
        Handpicking of eggs and matured Pomacea canaliculata with attractant like jackfruit skin, tapioca leaf,
        spinach
        
        Using wire mesh at the water inlet of paddy planting area
        
        Enforcing the cooperation among farmers
      - Cultural
        management
        
        Lowering the water level in the fileds (below the high of the shells of the snails)
        
        Using direct seeding and letting the water in after 7-10 days of sowing
        
        Transplanting of 30-40 day of old seedling and water level maintaned at 5 cm
      - Biological
        control
        
        Using tobacco waste
        
        Using ducks before sowing and after 35 days of sowing
      - Chemical control
        
        Using niclosamide and metaldehyde
    - - Feeding Habit: Young stems and leaves of paddy, consume 7-24 rice seedling per day
        
        High growth rate
        
        High reproductive rate
        
        Destructive nature to the paddy land crop and wetland areas
    - - Salleh, N. H. M., Arbain, D., Daud, M. Z. M., Pilus, N., & Nawi, R. (2012). Distribution and management of pomacea canaliculata in the northern region of Malaysia: mini review. APCBEE Procedia, 2, 129–134. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcbee.2012.06.024
      - Yahaya, H., Amzah, B., Sivapragasam, A., & Nordin, M. (2017). Invasive apple snails in Malaysia. In Joshi, R. C., Cowie, R. H., & Sebastian, L. S. (Eds.), Biology and Management of Invasive Apple Snails. (pp. 187-613). Philipine Rice Research Institude. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/321816106_Invasive_apple_snails_in_Malaysia
    - - The total area infested increased from 17,399 ha of rice in 2004 to almost 20,704 ha in late 2008.
        
        Since 2002, the snails have infested almost 20,000 ha of rice growing areas and have threatened the livelihoods of farmers.
        
        In 2010, costs associated with apple snail damage were estimated as RM 82 million (US $28 million).
- - - - Bancian populasi ulat bungkus
      - Semburan bio insektisid menggunakan dron
      - Suntikan batang
        
        monocrotophos, methamidophos, cypermethrin dan Acephate.
      - Pemasangan perangkap feromon semulajadi
- - - - Direct damage
        
        Clinical and psychological disorder
      - Indirect damage
        
        Cost of hospitalization (Meta-expenses: Prevention, diagnosis, treatment and control)
    - - Economic
        
        For hotels, the situation is equally grim. A survey conducted by Orkin in 2016 found that of hotels were treated for bed bugs in the past year, with an average cost (treatment and loss of room) of $6,383 per event (Scarpino, 2019).
        On average, hotels might experience seven bed bug events per year. Additionally, 45% of all surveyed hotels have faced litigation due to bed bugs, with an average cost of $23,560 per infestation. Beyond these direct costs and legal fees, 98% of hotels reported spending money on active surveillance and prevention programs (Scarpino, 2019).
        References: Scarpino, S. V., & Althouse, B. M. (2019). Uncovering the hidden cost of bed bugs. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 116(15), 7160–7162. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1902404116
        
        In the United States, emergency department (ED) visits resulting from bed bugs increased by over 700% between 2007 and 2010, at least 80% of hotels in 2015 had to treat for bed bug infestations, and some hospitals lost access to beds nearly every other day due to bed bugs (Scarpino, 2019).
    - - Ectoparasites
        
        Their bites cause cutaneous reactions: Itchiness, redness, secondary infections
        
        Cause damage to hospitality industry
        
        Bring negative effects on quality of life and mental health
        
        Substantial economic costs incurred for treatment/removal, and their
        
        Potential ability to vector Chagas disease, antibiotic-resistant bacteria, and numerous other human pathogens, the scientific community (and funding agencies) have turned a comparatively blind eye to bed bugs.
- - - - Red eared Sliders
      - -800k dollars to get rid of them
    - - pest’s urine or faeces
      - carry salmonella
- - - - Household pests, garden pests
    - - Unwelcomed pests, occasionally appears indoors during wet season (looking for shelter).
        
        They are non-health risk pests
    - - Sporadically enters structures (sometimes banyak2).
        
        Some can bite, pinch, secrete foul smells, annoying (e.g: termites, ants).
    - - Damage reaches a point that causes financial loss.
  - - - Biological Control; Pig-tailed macaques replacing chemical pest control
    - - Macaques could reduce crop damage from 10% to less than 3%, equivalent to a gain around $650 million per year
    - - https://www.todayonline.com/world/malaysia-rat-eating-macaques-turn-unlikely-saviour-palm-crops
      - https://edition.cnn.com/2019/10/22/asia/macaques-rats-palm-oil-scli-intl-scn/index.html
      - Find out sine nya dipracticed.
- - - - Paddy field pest
  - - - Sistem Pagar Berperangkap (SPB)
- - - - Biological control: Scolia procer and Catascopus fascialis