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bio 254, download, Dicot stem, vascular bundles close to dermal tissue,…

- - - - fibre cells: bundles of parenchyma cells
      - sclerenchyma cells: thick cell wall with inside dead --> structure
        
        phloem fibres: cells with thick cell wall reinforced with lignin that transport nutrients from source to sink
      - pericycle: another layer around vascular cylinder
      - pith: center of cell that stores and transport nutrients
    - - collenchyma cells: cortical cells that gain cell material from corner between cells
- - - - cell division:
        
        apical: fated to be embryo --> nucleus and cytoplasm
        
        hypophysis: separation, gives rise to root cap
        
        suspensor: passes nutrients to two cells, structural support
        
        basal: does other functions --> vacuole
        
        as development goes on, cotyledons form, differentiation occurs and maturation results
        
        embryo will fold over after the seed coat develops and the seed will lose water to go into dormancy, waiting for germination to add water
        
        axial polarity:
        
        PIN proteins: auxin carriers polarly localized
        
        GNOM gene: distributes PIN proteins
        
        ARF: ensures auxin gathers at hypophysis for root elongation
  - - - vessels:
        
        angiosperms
        
        wide, short
        
        perforated cell wall
      - tracheids:
        
        gymnosperms
        
        long, narrow
        
        bordered pits
      - protoxylem = immature --> metaxylem = mature
    - - sieve tube elements:
        
        angiosperms
        
        short, broad, living
        
        companion cells and sieve plate
        
        callose platelets: degradation of cell wall to create sieve plate
        
        companion cells: a result of asymmetric cell division --> has nucleus and organells to support sieve tube (ATP) --> sieve tube only has p-protein to repair damage
      - sieve cells:
        
        gymnosperms
        
        long, narrow, living
      - pressure flow theory:
        
        source cells moves sucrose to companion moves it to phloem
        
        sucrose follows water gradient (from xylem) down to unload into companion into sink cell --> water leaves to xylem
  - - - aquaporins: transmembrane proteins that allow water into membrane
  - - - light hits P680 which uses water to get excited
        
        transfers e- through ETC to P700 which takes in more light and gets excited
        
        converts NADP+ to NADPH using e- which can generate ATP
        
        DCMU: blocks ETC
        paraquat: blocks NADP+ to NADPH
    - - granum: stack of thylakoid membranes connected by stroma lamella
        
        thylakoid: interconnected membrane system where chlorophyll is found
        
        chlorophyll: famous pigment! traps red and blue light
    - - C3:
        
        3 rubisco binds 3 CO2 to make 6 phosphoglycerate
        
        uses ATP to make 6 triose phosphates
        
        5 of those go back through cycle and 1 is the carbon output
      - C4:
        
        no rubisco competition
        
        bundle sheath cells block O2
        
        malic acid uses pyruvate-generated enzyme to create CO2
      - CAM:
        
        everything in mesophyll
        
        malic acid generated from CO2, malate and PEPcase when CO2 is let inside
        
        when no CO2 let inside, the stored malic acid generates CO2 and starch