SYSTEM THINKING IN ONE HEALTH APPROACH
NIPAH VIRUS
Allows us to solve “wicked complex problems” through a simplified process.
Analyze the human, animal and environmental interactions and the different disciplines engaged, and how they work together as a system to solve complex health problems
Covers the policies, processes, practices and people, the roles each play and how they interact to function effectively to solve public health threats
WHO
WHEN
WHERE
WHAT
WHY
HOW
Who has the disease?
Where was the first case?
When was the first case?
What are the implications for ecological health?
Why did the outbreak occur?
People, pigs and other domestic animals
Where has it spread?
Malaysia
(Ipoh, Perak)
Malaysia
(Selangor and Negeri Sembilan), Singapore, Bangladesh, India
September 1998
How is the disease transmitted?
How can it be managed or controlled?
Bats were the original source, having passed the virus to pigs. People who were in contact with infected pigs began getting very sick
What are the implications for human health?
What are the implications for animal health?
Mild to severe disease, including swelling of the brain (encephalitis) and potentially death
Causes a highly contagious disease in pigs that affects the respiratory and nervous systems. It is known as porcine respiratory and neurologic syndrome
Raw or fermented date palm sap that has been contaminated with bat excreta containing Nipah virus
Direct contact with infected animals, such as bats or pigs, or their body fluids (such as blood, urine or saliva)
Consuming food products that have been contaminated by body fluids of infected animals (such as palm sap or fruit contaminated by an infected bat)
Close contact with a person infected with NiV or their body fluids (including nasal or respiratory droplets, urine, or blood)
Practice handwashing regularly with soap and water
Avoid contact with sick bats or pigs
Avoid eating or drinking products that could be contaminated by bats, such as raw date palm sap, raw fruit, or fruit that is found on the ground
Avoid contact with the blood or body fluids of any person known to be infected with NiV
Pteropus Fruit Bat Reservoir Hosts