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Demography - Coggle Diagram
Demography
Aging population
Impact
Increased strain on public services- older people take up larger proportions of services (E.g health/social care)
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Rising dependency ratio- creates a burden for working people, they have to provide taxation to pay for their healthcare and pensions
GRIFFIN- this is an exaggeration the elderly are healthy and can look after children whilst parents work
Ageism- negative/unequal stereotype of old people based on their age, elderly seen as a ‘problem’ in terms of costs in pension and healthcare
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Marxism
the old are no use to Capitalism as they aren’t productive and are an economically dependent group adding to the dependency ratio, the end up powerless
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Modern society
age is important for role allocation, creating fixed life stages and age related identities (E.g pensioner)
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Postmodernists
can choose our identity no matter our age we have more choice/freedom and our age doesn’t determine us
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Elderly have become a market for body maintenance and rejuvenation services (E.g cosmetic surgery and anti-aging products)
Women are seen as ‘old hags’- age discrimination restricts our freedom which therefore can shape our identity
Policy implications
- Pensions arent Lasting as long- need to improve finance for longer periods through more taxes or working longer
- Housing policies- encourage people to size down and release wealth to improve standard of living and free up housing for younger people
- Cultural changes towards elderly- old age is a social construct and in an aging society the ‘retiring age’ will change
Migration
increased long term with steep incline due to 9/11
- immigration- movement into a society
- emigration- movement out of a society
Reasons
Push factors
- unemployment
- economic ressession
Pull factors
- higher wages
- better opportunities
Impact
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Indirectly- younger people means more fertile which can help balenced and decrease the dependency ratio, migrant women also have a higher fertility rate
Globalisation
- globalisation- barriers that came down to create an inter-connected society based on different cultures and identities
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Birth rates
- birth rate- number of live births per 1000 per year
Been in a long term decline in the last 1000 years with exceptions to ‘baby booms’ from WW1 & WW2 from returning soilders
- fertility rate- how many children are born to each women of child bearing age (15-44) children
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Reasons
- Changes in the position of women- increased educational opportunities, more women in paid work and changing changing attitudes towards family life/women’s position in family
- greater access to abortion and contraception
- Fall in infant mortality rate- improved housing, sanitation, nutrition, technology and medicinal advancements
- Children as an economic liability- changing laws of child labour/compulsory education has meant children remain economically dependent
- changing attitudes with children having a higher standard of living raises costs (1 child costs 250K from 0-18th)
- Child centredness- childhood is now a social construct and seen as an important period of life so parents now focus on quality over quantity, so have fewer children and give more attention/resources to them
Impact
The dependency ratio increases- relationship between the size of the working population and the dependent population
- the working peoples earnings support the dependent population via taxes
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Women have to care for them so cannot have full time jobs so have fewer children to reduce the ‘burden of dependency’
Public services- fewer schools and child health services, but more health services/NHS and social care filled by the elderly
Death rates
- Death rate- number of deaths per 1000 per year
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- infant mortality rate- number of baby deaths per 1000 per year
Reasons
- Improved nutrition- improved resistance to infection
- Medical improvements- NHS/antibiotics
- Public health improvements- better housing, cleaner air/water, less people are smoking and more people are dieting
- Social change- declining manual labour jobs ands greater knowledge of diseases
Impact
- women live longer- ‘feminisation of later life’, due to having better lifestyles, biological differences and benefit more from medical advancements
- elderly live longer due to benefits/improved diet, nutrition and better health care (aging population)
- social class differences- middle class live longer due to government policies which make working class people suffer life dependency