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Elena Baechli (Period 5) Skeletal system - Coggle Diagram
Elena Baechli (Period 5) Skeletal system
Name of the bones
Skull:
Parietal bone
Temporal bone
Zygomatic bone
Cervical bone
Frontal bone
Nasal bone
Maxilla bone
Mandible bone
Hyoid
Arm:
Scapula bone
Clavicle bone / collarbone
Humerus bone / upper arm
Ulna bone / forearm
Radius bone / forearm
Carpal bone / wrist
Scaphoid bone
Lunate bone
Triquetrum bone
Pisiform bone
Trapezium bone
Trapezoid bone
Capitate bone
Hamate bone
Metacarpal bone / hand
Phalanges bone / fingers
Spinal Column:
Cervical bone
Atlas bone
Axis bone
Thoracic bone
Lumbar bone
Sacrum bone
Coccyx bone
Ribs:
Sternum
Costal cartilage
True ribs (1-7)
False ribs (8-10)
Floating ribs (11-12)
Pelvic Gridle:
Coxal bone
Ilium bone
Pubis bone
Ischium bone
Leg:
Femur bone / thigh
Patella bone / kneecap
Tibia bone / leg
Fibula bone / leg
Talus bone / ankle
Calcaneus bone
Talus bone
Navicular bone
Cuboid bone
Cuneiforms bone
Metatarsals bone / leg
Phalanges bone /leg
Types of bones
Long bones
Longer than they are wide
Limb bones (Ex: femur, humerus)
Short bones
Cube-shaped bones (In wrist and ankle)
Sesamoid bones form within tendons (Ex: patella)
Vary in size and number in different individuals
Flat bones
Thin, flat, slightly curved
Ex: sternum, scapulae, ribs, most skull bones
Irregular bone
Complicated shapes
Ex: Vertebrae and hip bones
Anatomy of Long bone
Articular Cartilage
Epiphyseal line
Spongy bone
Red bone marrow
Compact bone
Nutrient artery
Yellow bone marrow
Periosteum
Microscopic Anatomy of bone tissue
Cells of bone tissue
Osteogenic cells
also called osteoprogenitor cells
mitotically active stem cells in periosteum and endosteum
Osteoblasts
bone - forming cells that secrete unmineralized bone matrix called osteoid
osteoblasts are actively mitotic
Osteocytes
mature bone cells in lacunae that no longer divide
Maintain bone matrix and act as stress or strain sensors
Bone - lining cells
Flat cells on bone surfaces believed to also help maintain matrix
Osteoclasts
derived from same hematopoietic stem cells that become macrophages
Giant, multinucleate cells function in bone resorption (breakdown of bone)
When active, cells are located in depressions called resorption bays
Bone remodeling
Bone remodeling consists of both bone deposit and bone resorption
remodeling units packets of adjacent osteoblasts and osteoclasts coordinate remodeling process
Resorption is function of osteoclasts
dig depressions or grooves as they break down matrix
acidity converts calcium salts to soluble forms
Osteoclasts also phagocytize demineralized matrix and dead osteocytes
Bone deposit new bone matrix is deposited by osteoblasts
Bone fracture repair
Repair involves four major stages
Hematoma formation
Fibrocartilaginous callus formation
Bony callus formation
Bone remodeling
Hematoma formation
Site is swollen, painful, and inflamed
Torn blood vessels hemorrhage, forming mass of clotted blood called a hemotoma
Fibrocartilaginous callus formation
capillaries grow into hematoma
Fibroblasts secrete collagen fibers to span break and connect broken ends
fibroblasts, cartilage, and osteogenic cells begin reconstruction of bone
This mass of repair tissue is called fibrocartilaginous callus
Bony callus formation
callus is converted to bony (hard) callus of spongy bone
bony callus formation continues for about 2 months until firm union forms
Bone remodeling
begins during bony callus formation and continues for several months
excess material on diaphysis exterior and within medullary cavity is removed
compact bone is laid down to reconstruct shaft walls
Final structure resembles original structure
Joints
Cartilaginous
bones united by cartilage
no highly movable
two types
synchondroses
bar or hyaline cartilage unites bones
almost all are synarthrotic (immovable)
ex. cartilage of 1st rib with manubrio of sternum
symphyses
fibrocartilage unites bone in symphysis joint
symphyses are strong, amphiarthrotic (slightly movable) joints
ex. intervertebral joints, pubic symphysis
Structural: three types based on what material binds the joints and whether a cavity is present
Fibrous
most are immovable
bones joined by dense fibrous connective tissue
three types of fibrous joints
sutures (ex. skull)
rigid, interlocking joints
allow for growth during youth
syndesmoses (ex. tibia)
bones connected by ligaments, bands of
fiber length varies, so movement varies
fibrous tissue
gomphoses (ex. teeth)
peg-in-socket joints
fibrous connections is the periodontal ligaments
Two classification of joints
Structural
Fibrous
Cartilaginous
Synovial
Functional
Synarthroses: immovable joints
Amphiarthroses: slightly moveable joints
Diarthroses: freely movable joints
Synovial
bones separated by fluid-filled joint cavity
include almost all limb joints
all are diarthrotic (freely movable)
characteristics of synovial joints
have six general features
have bursae and tendon sheaths associated with them
stability is influenced by three factors
allow several types of movements
classified into six different types
plane (ex. carpals)
hinge (ex. humerus and ulna)
pivot (ex. ulna and radius)
condylar (ex. metacarpals and phalanges)
saddle (ex. metacarpal 1 and trapezium)
ball-and-socket (ex. scapula and humerus)
Movements allowed by synovial joints
Range of motion allowed by synovial joints
nonaxial: slipping movements only
uniaxial: movements in one plane
Biaxial: movement in two planes
Multiaxial: movement in or around all three planes
Three general types of movements
gliding
angular movements
rotation
Gliding movements
One flat bone surface glides or slips over another similar surface
ex. intercarpal joints
ex. intertarsal joints
Angular movements
Flexion: decreases the angle of the joint
Extension: increases the angle of the joint
Hyperextension: movement beyond the anatomical position
Abduction: movement along frontal plane, away from the midline
Adduction: movement along frontal plane, toward the midline
Circumduction
Involves flexion, abduction, extension, and adduction of limb
Rotation
turning of bone around its own long axis, toward midline or away from it
Medial: rotation toward midline
Lateral: rotation away from midline
Special movements
Supination and pronation: rotation of radius and ulna
Dorsiflexion and plantar flexion of foot
Inversion and eversion of foot
Protraction and retraction: movement in lateral plane
Elevation and depression of mandible
Opposition: movement of thumb
Differences between male and female skeleton
Pelvic bones
pelvic bones in males are narrow
pelvic bones in the females are broader
cavity is oval-shaped to support childbirth
Bone density
bone density is higher for males
bone density is lower for females
general characterisitcis
males bones are tall and heavy
females rib cage is shorter
females have a longer torso to accommodate the reproductive organs
loss of bone density
Males tend to maintain their bone density till the mid 40s
women start to lose their bone density by mid to late 30s of their age
Incidence of disases
Males are less prone to bone diseases
Females are more prone to bone diseases such as osteoarthritis and osteopenia.
skeletal disease/disorders
Osteoarthritis
protective cartilage at ends of bone wears down
causes risk factors
older age
common in females
joint injures
symtoms
tenderness
pain
bone spurs
treatment options
prescription
physical therapy
surgery
Osteogenesis imperfecta
a genetic disorder that causes brittle bones
causes or risk factors
congenital mutation
frequent fractures
deafness
symptoms
blue sclera
muscle weakness
micrognathia
treatment options
incurable
improved nutrition
bone marrow transplant
Osteocoma
malignant bone lumbar
causes or risk factors
factors
hereditary
age
radiotherapy for unrelated conditions
symptoms
bone fracture
bone pain
swelling
treatment options
surgery
chemotherapy
radiation
Osteomyelitis
an infection in the bone
causes or risk
factors
primary staphylococcus
bacteria travels from the blood stream into bone
Iv catheterization
symptoms
chills
fever
irritability
treatment options
antibiotics
surgical drainage
amputation
Pagets disease
metabolic bone disease affecting the break down and rebuilding of bone
causes or risk factors
exact cause is unknown
hereditary
age over 40
symptoms
bone pain dependent on location
hip pain in pelvis
heaving loss or headaches in skull
treatment options
medications
surgery
joint replacement