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Skeletal Aubrey Menchaca P : 5 - Coggle Diagram
Skeletal Aubrey Menchaca P : 5
Anatomy of the long bone
Epiphyses : Ends of long bones that consist of compact bone externally and spongy bone
Diaphysis : Tublar shaft that forms long axis of bone and consists of compact bone surrounding central medullary cavity
All long bones have a shaft, bone ends, and membranes
Bone Remodeling
Resorption : function of osteoclasts
Remodeling units : Packets of adjacent osteoblasts and osteoclasts
consists of both bone deposit and bone resorption
Bone Deposit : New bone matrix is deposited by osteoblasts
Bone Fracture Repair
Open reduction : Surgical pins or wires secure ends
Immobilization of bone by cast or traction is needed for healing
Close reduction : Physician manipulates to correct position
Treatment involves reduction, the realignment of broken bone ends
Repair involved four major stages
Hematoma formation : Torn blood vessels ( hemorrhage ) forming mass of clotted blood called a hematoma. Site is swollen, painful, and inflamed
Fibrocartilaginous callus formation : Capillaries grow into hematoma. Phagocytic cells clear debris and fibroblasts secrete collagen fibers to span break and connect broken ends of bone
Bony callus formation : Within one week, new Trabeculae appear in fibrocartilage callus. Callus is converted to bony callus of spongy bone.
Bone remodeling : Begins during bony callus formation and continues for several months. Final structure resembles original structure
All the types of bones
Axial -
Floating ribs ( last 2 ribs )
Thoracic Vertebrae ( 12 bones in the middle )
False ribs ( 8 - 12 ribs )
Cervical Vertebrae ( 7 bones at the top )
True ribs ( 1 - 7 ribs )
Frontal bone ( front of skull )
Lumbar vertebrae ( 5 larger bones at the end )
Sternum ( manubrium,body,and xiphoid process )
Pelvis ( Coccyx, Sacrum, Pubic, Illium, ischium )
Maxilla ( above lip )
Mandible ( jaw / chin )
hyoid ( under mandible )
Nasal bone ( nose )
Temporal ( temple / above zygomatic )
Zygomatic Bone ( cheek bone )
Appendicular -
Humerus ( " Funny bone " about ulna and radius )
Radius ( Bone facing away from body under humerus )
Clavicle ( Shoulder bone above Scapula )
Ulna ( Bone facing towards bone under humerus )
Carpals ( Short bones in the hand )
Metacarpals ( Middle / second section of bones in hand )
Phalanges ( End section of bones of fingers or toes in hands or feet )
Scapula ( Shoulder blade under clavicle )
Femur ( Thigh / upper leg )
Fibula ( Smaller bone of leg under femur )
Tibia ( Larger bone of leg under femur )
Tarsal ( short bones above calcaneus )
Talus ( large bone on top of other tarsals )
Calcaneus ( large heel of foot bone )
Metatarsals ( second set of bones on feet )
Patella ( Knee bone )
Microscopic anatomy of bone tissue
Periosteum : white, double-layered memebrane that covers external surfaces except joints
Endosteum : Delicate connective tissue membrane covering internal bone surface
There are two types ( Periosteum and Endosteum )
Osteogenic layer : Inner layer abutting bone and contains primitive osteogenic stem cells that give rise to most all bone cells
Fibrous layer : Outer layer consisting of dense irregular connective tissue consisting of sharpey's fibers that secure bone matrix
Hematopoietic Tissue : Red marrow is found within trabecular cavities of spongy bone and diploe of flat bones
Joints
Three type of fibrous joints ( Sutures, Syndesmoses, and Gomphoses )
Sutures : Rigid, interlocking joint of skull and allows for growth during youth
Syndesmoses : Bone connected by ligaments, bands of fibrous tissue
Gomphoses : Peg-in-socket joints ( ex : teeth in alveolar sockets )
Cartilaginous Joints : bones united by cartilage
Fibrous Joints : Bones joined by dense fibrous connective tissue. No joint cavity and most are immovable
Two types of cartilaginous joints ( Synchondroses and Symphyses )
Synchondroses : Bar or plate of hyaline
Two classifications ( structural and functional )
Structural : three types based on what material binds the joints and whether a cavity is present. Fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial
Functional : three types based on movement joint allows. Synarthroses, Amphiarthroses, and Diathroses
Types of bones
Short bones : Cube - Shaped bones ( wrist and ankle )
Flat bones : Thin, flat, slightly curved - Sternum, Scapulae, Ribs, most Skull bones
Irregular bones : Complicated shapes - Vertebrae and Hip Bones
Long bones : Longer than they are wide - Limb bones
Disorders and Diseases
Three major bone diseases
Osteoporosis
Group of diseases where bone resorption exceeds deposit
Paget's disease
Excessive and haphazard bone deposit and resorption causing bone to grown fast and poorly
Osteomalacia and rickets
poorly mineralized bones. Results in soft weak bones. Rickets is result in bowed leg and other bone deformaties
Movements allowed by Synovial Joints
Nonaxial : Slipping movements only
Uniaxial : movement in one plane
Biaxial : Movement in two planes
Gliding : One flat bone surface glides or slips over another similar surface
Angular Movements : Increase or decrease angle between two bones
Rotation : Turning of bone around its own long axis, towards midline or away from it
Male and Female Skeleton Differences
Male - Stronger and larger bones in both size and density. Smaller / narrow opening in pelvis along with curved in coccyx
Female - Bones are much lighter in density than the male. Larger / wider opening in the pelvis along with coccyx pointed slightly down ( not in way of opening )