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Alayna Dixon Period 3 Anatomy and Physiology Skeletal System - Coggle…
Alayna Dixon Period 3 Anatomy and Physiology
Skeletal System
Joints
Immovable : synarthrotic
Slightly movable: amphiarthrotic
freely movable: diarthrotic
Fibrous:composed of dense connective tissue
most immovable like sutures of skull. some are movable like joints between distal tibia and fibula
cartilaginous: composed of cartilage
connected by either hyaline or fibrocartilage. intervertebral discs between vertebrae helps absorb shock and are slightly movable
Synovial: having complex structure
most joints in the skeleton are synovial joints. articular ends of bones in synovial joint are covered in hyaline (articular) cartilage
Disorders and diseases
Osteoarthritis: When cartilage at the ends of bones wear down. Some risk factors include; old age, bone deformities & joint injuries. Symptoms include; tenderness, pain and stiffness. Treatment options include; over-counter medication, perscription & physical therapy
Osteosarcoma: Malagnent bone tumor. Causes or risk factors include; age, heredity & linkage to flouridated water. Symptoms include; bone fracture, bone pain & limited movement. Treatment includes; surgery, chemotherapy & radiation
Osteogenesis Imperfecta: Genetic disorder that causes brittle bones. Causes and risk factors include; congenitsal mutation, frequent fractures & muscle weakness. Symptoms include; easily fractured bones, blue sclera & muscle weakness. Treatment options include; improved nutrition & bone marrow transplant.
Osteomyelitis: An infection in the bone. Causes and risk factors include; primarily staphylococcus, bacteria travels from blood stream to bones & puneture infection. Treatment includes; antibiotics, surgical drainage & amputation
Paget's Disease: Metabolic bone disease affecting break down and rebuilding of bones. Causes and risk factors; heredity, 40 years + & more common in men. Symptoms include; hip pain in pelvis. hearing loss & headache in skull. Treatment options include; surgery, medication & joint replacement
Long bone anatomy
Spongy Bone
consisys of branching bony plates called trabeculae
Diaphysis
Contains a hollow chamber called the medullary cavity
proximal epiphysis
Piece of long bone closer to attatchment
distal epiphysis
piece of long bone further from attatchment
compact bone
very tightly packed tissue which makes up the walls of the diaphysis
medullar canal
The medullary canal hold red and yellow bone marrow. Medullary cavity is a passageway. It is filled with thin layer of cells called endosteum
All bone names (anatomy term and common term/definition)
Axial: The axial portion of your skeleton are your trunk and skull bones.
Skull
frontal
your frontal bone is your forehead. On the front of your skull
sphenoid
the sphenoid bone is right next to the frontal bone
lacrimal
lacrimal bone is on the side of the eye socket
occipital
occipital bone is on the lower back of the head
zygomatic
your zygomatic is your cheek bone
mandible
your mandible is your jaw bone
maxilla
your maxilla is right above your mandible and is your upper jaw
thoracic cage
sternum
the sternum is at the center of the thoracic cage, articular cartilage branches from it
true ribs
True ribs are ribs that reach the sternum and serve as more protection
false ribs
false ribs are ribs that dont connect to the sternum
floating ribs
Floating ribs are ribs that arent connected to the sternum but do connect to the vertabrae
Sutures of Skull
Coronal
your coronal suture is between frontal and parietal bones
sagittal
your sagittal suture is the seperation of parietal bones
squamous
the squamous suture is between parietal and temporal bones
Vertabrae
Cervical
There are 7 cervical vertebrae. Cervical vertebrae is at the top of the vertebrae
thoracic
The thoracic vertebrae are behind the thoracic cage. There are 12 thoracic vertebrae
lumbar
There are 5 lumbar vertebrae. The lumbar vertebrae is at the bottom of the entoie vertebrae
Appendicular : Your appendicular bones are your upper and lower limbs and what attatches them to the trunk
Upper limbs
Scapula
The scapula helps the humerus connect to the trunk of body
Clavicle
Clavicle is also known as the collarbone
humerus
The humerus is the top of the arm, it is connected to the scapula through a ball-and- socket joint and is considered a long bone
ulna
your ulna connects to your wrist and humerus on the pinky side of your hand. It is a long bone same as the radius
radius
your radius connects to your humerus and wrist on the thumb side. It is a long bone
Lower limbs
Coxal Bone:your coxal is the illum, ischium & pubis, fused in the acetabulum
Ilium: largest & uppermost portion of hip bone; features iliac crest
ischium: forms L-shaped, posterior portion, supports weight during sitting: features; ischial tuberosity & ischial spine
Pubis: Anterior portion of each hip bone; 2 pubic bones join at pubic symphysis: features; pubic arch, obturator foramen & pelvic brim
femur
Your femur is a long bone and at the top of your leg, it is connected to the coxal bone by a ball-and-socket joint
patella
The patella is also known as the knee cap. It is a round bone.
fibula
The fibula is is the back of the shin bone and is another long bone similar to how the ulna is to the radius
Tibia
The tibia is another long bone of the leg and is known as your shin bone.
Types of bones
Long
Long expanded ends; example arm and left (humerus and femur)
Short
almost equal length & width; example bones of wrists and ankles (carpals and tarsals)
Irregular
Varied shape; example vertabrae & some facial bones
Flat
Plate-like shape with broad surface; example ribs, scapula and flattened skull bones.
Round
Small nodular bones that develop within a tendon; special type of short bone; example: patella
Microscopic anatomy of bone tissue
periosteum
a tough layer of dense connective tissue is called periosteum, covers the bome and is continous with ligaments and tendons
endosteum
thin layers of cells in the medullary cavity
nutrient artery
The nutrient artery is in the medullary cavity, bring blood through long bones.
articular cartilage
articular cartilage surrounds the ends of the bones for less friction (bone to bone)
Bone remodeling
Osteoblasts
Osteoclasts dissolve and break down old or damaged bone cells. They make space for osteoblasts to create new bone tissue in areas that are growing or need repair
Osteoclasts
Osteoclasts dissolve and break down old or damaged bone cells. They make space for osteoblasts to create new bone tissue in areas that are growing or need repair
Bone fracture repair
Hematoma formation.
Blood forms in order to bring nutrients to the site of fracture to help begin repair.
Bony callus formation.
A soft callus (a type of soft bone) replaces the blood clot that formed in the inflammatory stage.
Bone remodeling.
bone remodeling has to do with osteoclasts and osteoblasts. Osteoclasts breaking down the bone and osteoblasts building it back up
Movements allowed by synovial joints
Ball-in-socket
Has bone with globular (egg-shaped-head) articulating with cup-shaped cavity of another bone. Allows widest range of motion, including movements in all planes (multi-axial)
Example: shoulder and hip joints
Condyllar (ellipsoida) joint
Has an ovoid condyle fitting into elliptical cavity. Permits back/forth and side movements withing two planes (bi-axial) but not rotation.
Examples: joints between metacarpals and phalanges
Plane (gliding) joint
Articulating surfaces are nearly flat or slightly curved. allows sliding or twisting movement (non-axial)
Example: joints of wrists and ankles, between vertebrae and sacvoiliae joints
Pivot (trochoid) joint
Cylindrical surface rotates within a ring of bone and ligament. Allows rotaton only around central axis (uni-axial).
Example: joints between desns of the axis and the atlas
Synovial joints: fluid-filled-sacs called bursae that aid movement of tendons as they slide over the bone. Synovial joints are classified by shape of their parts and movement they allow
synovial fluid: lubricated in between joint
joint capsule has an outer layer of dense connective tissue and an innermost layer called synovial membrane. Synovial membrane secretes synovial fluid which lubricates the joints
shock absorbing pads
some synovial joints have shock-absorbing pads of fibrocartilage called menisci (singular is meniscus)
Cartilage: Articular cartilage covers the ends of synovial joints
saddle (seller) joint
found between bones that have both concaves and convex areas in their articulating surfaces;bones have complementary surfaces. permist variety of movement, mostly on 2 planes (bi-axial).
Example: joints between trapezium (carpa) and metacarpal of thumb
Difference in male and female skeleton
Male
Males have longer femurs and uteruses and their pelvises are more bulky than a females.
Female
Pelvic girdle of females are lighter thinner and more triangular. Female coccyx is more movable. Females sacrum are wider and bent more posteriorly. females have a wider pelvic arch
Types of Joint Movements
flexion/extension
bending parts of joint so angle between decreases is flexion and extention is straightning part of joint so angle increases
lateral flexion/hyperextention
bending head, neck or trunk to the side is lateral flexion. hyperextention is straightening beyond anatomical position
abduction/adduction
moving body part away from midline is abduction and adduction is moving body part away toward midline
porsiflexion/plantar-flexion
ankle movement that bring foot closer to shin is porsiflexion and plantar-flexion is ankle movement that moves farther from the shin
rotation/cicumduction
Rotation of a part around axis is rotation and circumduction is movement of a part so its end follows a circular path
pronation/supination
rotation of forearm so palm is facing downward or posteriorly is pronation, supination is rotation of palm so it is facing upward or anteriorly
inversion/eversion
turning sole (plantar surface of foot medially is inversion and eversion is turning sole of foot laterally
protraction/retraction
moving part of body backward is retraction and protraction is moving body forward
elevation/depression
elevation meaning raising up and depression means to put down
