Please enable JavaScript.

Coggle requires JavaScript to display documents.

TOPIC 3: VIRTUALIZATION,CLOUD COMPUTING AND GREEN COMPUTING, Goals -…

- - - - Infrastructure as a Service
        Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) refers to the fundamental building blocks of computing that can be rented: physical or virtual servers, storage and networking
      - Platform as a Service
        Platform as a Service (PaaS) is the next layer up – as well as the underlying storage, networking, and virtual servers, this layer also includes the tools and software that developers need to build applications on top, which could include middleware, database management, operating systems, and development tools.
      - Software as a Service
        Software as a Service (SaaS) is the delivery of applications as a service, probably the version of cloud computing that most people are used to on a day-to-day basis. The underlying hardware and operating system is irrelevant to the end user, who will access the service via a web browser or app; it is often bought on a per-seat or per-user basis.
        SaaS is the largest chunk of cloud spending simply because the variety of applications delivered via SaaS is huge, from CRM such as Salesforce, through to Microsoft's Office 365. And while the whole market is growing at a furious rate, it's the IaaS and PaaS segments that have consistently grown at much faster rates, according to analyst IDC: "This highlights the increasing reliance of enterprises on a cloud foundation built on cloud infrastructure, software-defined data, compute and governance solutions as a Service, and cloud-native platforms for application deployment for enterprise IT internal applications." IDC predicts that IaaS and PaaS will continue growing at a higher rate than the overall cloud market "as resilience, flexibility, and agility guide IT platform decisions".
      - Desktop as a service
        Desktop as a service, or DaaS, is a cloud computing offering that securely delivers virtual apps and desktops from the cloud to any device. This managed desktop virtualization solution aka DaaS is used for provisioning secure SaaS and legacy applications as well as full Windows-based virtual desktops and delivers them to your workforce. With a predictable pay-as-a-go subscription model, DaaS makes it easy to scale up or down on-demand. It’s easy to manage and simplifies many of the IT admin tasks of desktop solutions.
    - - Server Side Virtualization
        Provides a virtual desktop for users on multiple client machines
        Most processing is done on the server
        Provides a virtual desktop infrastructure (VDI)
        
        Advantages
        1.Best use of space: the fewer physical devices installed, the greater the availability of space in racks.
        2.Support for legacy applications: when a company decides to migrate to a new operating system, you can keep your old operating system running in a virtual machine, which reduces the cost of migration.
        3.Reduction of personnel costs, power, and cooling by using less physical equipment.
        4.Better utilization of hardware – the hardware sharing by virtual machines is reduced to idle equipment.
        
        Disadvantages
        1.when the server goes offline, all the websites hosted by it will also go down.
        2.Management – virtual environments need to be instantiated (create instances on virtual machines), monitored, configured and saved.
        3.When several virtual machines are running on the same host, performance maybe hindered if the computer it’s running on lacks sufficient power.
        4.Great use of disk space, since it takes all the files for each operating system installed on each virtual machine
      - Client side virtualization
        
        Client virtualization simulates a user's desktop experience, but separates the desktop from the hardware, OS, and applications. The simulated client desktop, or virtual machine (VM), runs on a physical host server that's running virtualization software — the core of which is called a hypervisor. Many virtual clients can run on one host server with each client having different user properties, data, applications, and even OSs. This allows users to seamlessly access their regular desktops from inexpensive low-end, thin-client, or shared machines.
        
        Fat clients – regular desktop computer or laptop
        Thin clients – computer has a regular OS but comparatively little computer power
        Zero clients – dumb terminal or ultra-thin client does not have an OS and just provides a user interface (keyboard, mouse, monitor) and network connection with enough software to load the virtualization program
        
        Server-side virtualization is delegated to a third-party service and resources are accessed via the Internet
        Different types of cloud computing:
        Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) – provides servers and storage for the client to use as needed
        Platform as a Service (PaaS) – provides servers and OS but customer installs applications
        Software as a Service (SaaS) – provides hardware, OS, and applications
        
        Personal computer provides virtual environments for applications using three possible methods:
        Presentation virtualization – remote application on a server is controlled by a local computer (Remote Desktop Services is an example)
        Application virtualization – a virtual environment allows an application to run independent of the host operating system
        Client-side desktop virtualization – software installed on a PC manages virtual machines, each VM has its own OS installed (Virtual PC, VMWare Player, and VirtualBox are examples)
        
        Client-side virtualization enables users to run VMs on their local computer.
        It allows users to test new operating systems, software, or to run older software.
        Host computer – the physical computer controlled by a user.
        Host OS - the operating system of the host computer.
        Guest OS - the operating system that is running in the VM.
- - - - Electricity usage accounted for by computers and electronic gadgets is soaring.
      - If left unchecked recent strides in power savings will be lost.
      - Even though many items have become more efficient over time the recent demand for electronics and their use has skyrocketed.
      - This increase in power usage can impact greenhouse gas emissions and power supply needs.
      - There is also a huge increase in electronic waste (e-waste) that needs to managed in order to keep the environment clean and safe.
      - Green computing is important because it is helping to minimize the energy used in computing by educating consumers on efficient ways to keep power usage low, by creating more economic electronics, and by encouraging safe and complete recycling.
    - - a) System Unit
        Using technology from portable computers:
        - Uses an energy-saving microprocessor. - Employs microprocessor and hard disk drives that shift to an energy-saving or sleep mode when not in operation
      - b) Display
        Displays have been made more energy efficient by using:
        - Flat panels that require less energy than the traditional monitors. - Special power-down monitors that automatically reduce power consumption when not in use.
      - c) Manufacturing
        Computer manufacturer are using fewer harmful chemicals in production.
        Particular attention is given to chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) in solvents and cleaning agents.
        Toxic nickel and other heavy metals are being eliminated or reduced in the manufacturing processes.
    - - Green use — reducing the energy consumption of computers and other information systems as well as using them in an environmentally sound manner
      - Green disposal — refurbishing and reusing old computers and properly recycling unwanted computers and other electronic equipment
      - Green design — designing energy-efficient and environmentally sound components, computers, servers, cooling equipment, and data centers
      - Green manufacturing — manufacturing electronic components, computers, and other associated subsystems with minimal impact on the environment.
    - - Product Longevity
        
        The biggest contribution to green computing is to prolong the equipment's lifetime.
        Manufacturing a new PC uses more natural resources than manufacturing a new RAM module to upgrade an existing one.
        Hence, lengthen a product’s lifetime is better for the environment.
        
        2.Software & deployment optimization
        Algorithmic efficiency
        The efficiency of programming algorithms has an impact on the amount of computer resources required for any given computing function.
        Creating efficient algorithm saves resources.
        Virtualization
        Computer virtualization refers to running two or more logical computer systems on one set of physical hardware.
        This saves materials to build new physical hardware.
        Terminal servers
        Terminal servers have also been used in green computing.
        When using the system, users at a terminal connect to a central server; all of the computing is done on the server, but the end user experiences the operating system on the terminal.
        Terminal a.k.a. thin clients, use up to 1/8 the amount of energy of a normal workstation, resulting in a decrease of energy costs and consumption.
        
        Power Management
        
        The Advanced Configuration and Power Interface (ACPI), an open industry standard, allows an operating system to directly control the power-saving aspects of its underlying hardware.
        This allows a system to automatically turn off components such as monitors and hard drives after set periods of inactivity.
        
        Materials recycling
        
        Recycling computing equipment can keep harmful materials such as lead, mercury, and hexavalent chromium out of landfills.
        Computer systems can be donated to various charities and non-profit organizations.
        
        Telecommuting
        
        Teleconferencing and telepresence technologies are often implemented in green computing initiatives.
        The advantages are many; increased worker satisfaction, reduction of greenhouse gas emissions related to travel, and increased profit margins as a result of lower overhead costs for office space, heat, lighting.
    - - a) Conserving Energy
        Hibernate your computer: configure your computer to “hibernate” automatically after 30 minutes or so of inactivity. Allowing your computer to hibernate saves.
        Sleep mode use less energy: enables the “sleep mode” features on your computer, allowing it to use less power during period of in activity.
      - b) Recycling
        Paper
        Computer boxes
        Packaging materials
        Printer cartridges
      - Plastic that are part of computers are hard to isolate and recycle.
      - CRTs (cathode ray tubes) are found in older monitors usually contain enough lead and mercury.
      - Batteries contain acids that can burn or hurt body parts.
    - - Donate equipment
      - Recycle
      - Buy electronics that are designed with saving resources in mind
      - Check with the manufacturer to see if it has a recycling program