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National Differences in Economic Development - Coggle Diagram
National Differences in Economic Development
Differences in Economic Development
Gross National Incomes (GNI):
Tổng thu nhập quốc gia.
Purchasing power parity:
ngang giá sức mua
Shadow Economy
Broader conceptions of development:
Phạm trù rộng hơn của tăng trưởng kinh tế
**Human Development Index (HDI):
Chỉ số phát triển con người
Life expectancy
Education attainment
Average incomes
Political Economy and Economic Progress
Innovation and Entrepreneurs
Engine of grow
Inovation
new
products
process
organization
management pratice
stragy
Entrepreneurs
first commercialize
innovative new
process
product
Require a Market Economy
countries
high economic freedom
high economic growth
richer citizen
lack of economic freedom
fail to achieve
respectable economic growth
Require Strong Property Rights
Individual and business
have the opportunity
profit innovative ideas
Required Political System
Democratic regimes tend to be more conducive to long-term economic growth than dictatorships – even the benevolent kind
Economic Progress Begets Democracy
Democracy
consequence
economic growth
Geography, Education, and Economic Development
Geography
influence
economic policy
thus economic development
Education levels
promote
faster
economic development
States in Transition
: Các nước trong thời kỳ quá dộ
The Spread of Democracy
Many totalitarian regimes
failed to deliver
economic progress
their population
New information and communication technologies
broken down
the ability of the state
control access
uncensored information
the emergence of increasingly
prosperous middle
working classes
The New World Order and Global Terrorism
: Trật tự thế giới mới và Khủng bố toàn cầu
The Spread of Market-Based Systems
: Sự phát triển của hệ thống định hướng thị trường
The late 1980s
tranformation
centrally planned command economies
market-based economy
Command and mixed economies
failed
deliver
sustained economic
Countries
shifted to
market-based economy
The Nature of Economic Transformation
: Bản chất của chuyển đổi kinh tế
Deregulation
: Dở bỏ các quy định
Removing legal restrictions
free play
market
Establishment
private enterprises
Removing
price controls
Privatization
: Tư hữu hóa
Transfers ownership
state property
private individuals
Legal Systems
Laws
protecting
private property rights
providing mechanisms
contract enforcement
Without legal systems
little incentive
economic activity
Implications of Changing Political Economy
Markets that were formerly off-limits to Western business are now open
No guarantee
democracy
thrive in
newer democratic states