Skeletal System
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All of the Bones and types
Spine - The vertebral column, also known as the backbone or spine, is the core part of the axial skeleton in vertebrate animals.
Pelvis - The pelvis is the lower part of the trunk, between the abdomen and the thighs, together with its embedded skeleton.
Rib - In vertebrate anatomy, ribs are the long curved bones which form the rib cage, part of the axial skeleton.
Carpal bones - The carpal bones are the eight small bones that make up the wrist that connects the hand to the forearm.
Tibia - The tibia, also known as the shinbone or shankbone, is the larger, stronger, and anterior of the two bones in the leg below the knee in vertebrates; it connects the knee with the ankle.
Mandible - In anatomy, the mandible, lower jaw or jawbone is the bottom skeleton that makes up the lower half of the mouth in jawed vertebrates.
Tarsus - In the human body, the tarsus is a cluster of seven articulating bones in each foot situated between the lower end of the tibia and the fibula of the lower leg and the metatarsus
Metacarpals - In human anatomy, the metacarpal bones or metacarpus, also known as the "palm bones", are the appendicular bones that form the intermediate part of the hand between the phalanges and the carpal bones, which articulate with the forearm.
Clavicle - The clavicle, or collarbone, is a slender, S-shaped long bone approximately 6 inches long that serves as a strut between the shoulder blade and the sternum
Femur - The femur, or thigh bone is the only bone in the thigh.
Skull - The skull is a bone protective cavity for the brain.
Radius - The radius or radial bone is one of the two large bones of the forearm, the other being the ulna.
Long bone - The long bones are those that are longer than they are wide.
Anatomy of a long bone
Ulna - The ulna is a long bone found in the forearm that stretches from the elbow to the wrist, and when in anatomical position, is found on the medial side of the forearm.
Sphenoid bone - The sphenoid bone is an unpaired bone of the neurocranium.
Scapula - The scapula, also known as the shoulder blade, is the bone that connects the humerus with the clavicle.
Flat bone - Flat bones are bones whose principal function is either extensive protection or the provision of broad surfaces for muscular attachment.
Humerus - The humerus is a long bone in the arm that runs from the shoulder to the elbow.
Sternum - The sternum or breastbone is a long flat bone located in the central part of the chest.
Phalanges - The phalanges are digital bones in the hands and feet of most vertebrates.
Hyoid bone - The hyoid bone is a horseshoe-shaped bone situated in the anterior midline of the neck between the chin and the thyroid cartilage.
Lacrimal bone - The lacrimal bone is a small and fragile bone of the facial skeleton; it is roughly the size of the little fingernail.
Frontal bone - The frontal bone is a bone in the human skull. The bone consists of two portions.
irregular bone - The irregular bones are bones which, from their peculiar form, cannot be grouped as long, short, flat or sesamoid bones.
epiphysis - expanded end of the long bones in animals
diaphysis - the main or midsection (shaft) of a long bone.
articular cartilage - a thin layer of specialized connective tissue with unique viscoelastic properties.
epiphyseal line - an epiphyseal plate that has become ossified
spongy bone - lighter and less dense than compact bone
medullary cavity - the hollow part of bone that contains bone marrow.
Nutrient foramen - an opening into shaft of humerus which gives passage to the blood vessels of medullary cavity.
Endosteum - A membrane lining the inner surface of the bony wall
periosteum - a thin layer of connective tissue that covers the outer surface of a bone in all places except at joints
Compact bone - is a very tightly packed tissue, which makes up the wall of the diaphysis
Microscopic anatomy of bone tissue
Bone cells, called osteocytes, are located within chambers called lacunae
In compact bone, lacunae lie in concentric circles of matrix called lamellae
Lamellae are deposited around a cylindrical tube called a central (Haversian) canal; central canals contain blood vessels and nerves
Osteocytes pass nutrients and gases through the matrix via tiny canals called canaliculi
Extracellular matrix of bone consists mainly of collagen and inorganic salts
In compact bone, osteocytes and extracellular matrix layers are organized into osteons (Haversian systems) that are cemented together
Central canals of adjacent osteons are interconnected by transverse perforating (volkmann's) canals; these help osteons share blood supply and nerves
Unlike compact bone, spongy bone is made of osteocytes and extracellular matrix that lie within trabeculae
Bone remodeling
involves the removal of mineralized bone by osteoclasts followed by the formation of bone matrix through the osteoblasts that subsequently become mineralized.
Bone fracture and repair
Healing of fractures begins with the formation of a hematoma, followed by internal and external calli
Osteoclasts resorb dead bone, while osteoblasts create new bone that replaces the cartilage in the calli
The calli eventually unite, remodeling occurs, and healing is complete
Greenstick fracture - is an incomplete break
Fissured fracture - an incomplete longitudinal break
Comminuted - fracture is a complete and fragmented break
Transverse fracture - is a complete break and occurs at a right angle
Oblique Fracture - complate break which occurs other than a right angle
Spiral fracture - excesive twisting of a bone
Joints
immovable, or synarthrotic
slightly moveable, or amphiarthrotic
freely movable, or diarthrotic
fibrous : composed of dense connective tissue
Cartilaginous - composed of cartilage
Synovial : having a complex structure
Plane (gliding) joint - Articulating surfaces are nearly flat or slightly curved
Hinge joint - A convex surface of a bone fits into a concave surface of another
Pivot (trochoid) joint - A cylindrical surface rotates within a ring of bone and ligament
Saddle (sellar) joint - found between bones that have both concave and convex areas in their articulating surfaces ; bones have complementary surfaces
Ball-and-socket (spheroidal) joint - Consists of a bone with a globular or egg-shaped head articulating with the cup-shaped cavity of another bone
Condylar (ellipsoidal) joint - Consists of an ovoid condyle fitting into an elliptical cavity
Dorsiflexion - ankle movement that brings the foot closer to the shin
Plantar Flexion - ankle movement that moves the foot farther from the shin; points the toes
Rotation - movement of a part around an axis
Circumduction - movement of a part so its end follows a circular path
Pronation - rotation of farearm so that the palm is facing downward or posteriorly
Supination - rotation of forearm so that the palm is facing upward anteriorly
Inversion - turning the sole (plantar surface) of the foot medially
Eversion - turning the sole (plantar surface) of the foot laterally
Protraction - moving a part of the body forward
Retraction - moving apart of the body backward
Elevation - raising apart of the body
Depression - lowering apart of the body
difference between male and female skeleton
I would say that the primary distinction between the male and female skeletons would be the pelvic bone because the females is significantly bigger because of the procedure of having a baby.