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PUBPOL: URBAN HOUSING, Chapter 2 Greif, Sociological methods and the logic…
PUBPOL: URBAN HOUSING
Housing Insecurity
What is housing insecurity
difficulty acquiring, minimal control, at risk for losing housing
What are key elements?
affordability
gentrifiation
Availability
What are mechanisms of it?
social networks
landlords
real estate intermediaries
What is the role of public policy?
public housing
Housing voucher programs
Tenant protections
What issues have been growing around housing?
increasing relative cost of housing
Social Networks
What is Gentrification and displacement?
Wha is the relevance?
Gentrification accompanied by changing businesses and character of neighborhood
isolated neighborhoods that have been avoided by white people
What are sociological methods used to study phenomena?
Internal validity
requires a logical and reliable study that supports claims with evidence
External validity
refers to whether the claims generalize beyond the specific cases being studied
Article: "The Truth about Gentrification"
Doesn't accelerate displacement of low-income residents
Low income renters move more often than those with subsidies
Influx of college degree people spur economic growth
Gentrification threatens to block people from moving in
What drives gentrification?
eminent domain and landlord evictions are rare occurances
More common cause: people move residences regularly
When do low income neighborhoods gentrify?
low income people move out of areas that are high demand
landlords raise rent without restriction
few public or subsidized housing
rents go up -> income composition eventually changes
How much gentrification is occurring?
Is gentrification a pressing policy ssue?
Matt Desmond:
most eviction not in gentrifying neighborhood
eviction occurs in poorer neighboroods
displacement/instability/social mobility top priority not gentrification
What are the three big ideas about gentrification?
Terms like gentrification take different meanings- normative
Definition of the problem and understanding of mechanisms informs how policies are implemented
Empirical evidence with internal validity helps understand mechanisms ; consider generalizability
What happened in Cleveland, Ohio?
Rust belt city that experienced a population surge and then ddecline
Known for high levels of racial residential segregation
How did Cleveland get so segregated?
black migration from South to work in industrial jobs
Black families confined to eastern part of the city
done through threat of violence, costs too high, and social networks
Federal gov. subsidized white homeowners in suburbs : FHA and HOLC red lining maps began in 1930's
Inertia of past policies
employment, housing, and education discriminiation suppressed resources in black communities
decline of manufacturing industry led to rise ini unemployment, poverty, and increase policing in black communities
Urban crisis: underfunded city resources limited opportunity
Contemporary period: fair housing act, equal employment act, civil rights act -> how to address impact of wrongs of past and inequity
Why doesn't city enforce codes proactively?
Requires more city resources
could have unintended consequences
Mayor predicted: closing down of 3/4 of rental properties from overall zealous enforcement
Is this a wicked problem?
A wicked problem is when it is difficult to isolate a single cause when it is apart of a complex system
Complexity and struggle in low income housing market
Are landlords problamatic?
Abusive behavior that was coercive if not illegal
Invoke legal cynicism and blaming tenants for culture of poverty
Are they villains truly?
What are the unintended policy effects on landlord behavior?
Lengthy eviction process
-> informal evictions
-> landlord legal cynic
Difficulty recovering lost rent
-> discriminatory screening practices
Landlords held financially responsible for trash cans, water bills, and public nuisance reports
-> surveilling tenants & mistrust
Inspections require tenants are requests
-> fear of retaliation
-> limited enforcement of tenants rights laws
How do we approach social problems matters?
Conversation 1:
incentives, nudges, change at the margines
common in microeconomics
What are some type 1 solutions?
Tenants behaviors and resources
reducing admin burden to file claims
expanding access to information about rights
legal counsel for tenants
Landlord beavers and resources : mentoring and educating; certificate program
What are some 1.5 solutions?
Institutional changes
proactive code enforcement
investment in water structure
reform crimes for nuisance; especially domestic abuse
enforce fair housing Anti discrimination
Improve housing voucher programs
Conversation 2:
structural change
addressing root cause of problems
major institution overhauls
common in sociology
What are some type 2 solutions?
Contextual changes
Financial safety net
renter's tax credit
expand supplementary income
Expand public housing
expand affordable home ownership opportunities
How does this show up in Greif?
landlord abuse structural issue
Chapter 2 Greif
What are the types of policy involved?
Tenant Landlord law
What is ostensive policy?
expressed values and goals
rules, routines, and processes on fairness
what looks good on paper
What policy is involved?
tenants have rights under tenants rights law- complaints have to be filed
what is performative policy?
how tasks are actually performed
how individuals move though processes
what gaps emerge
What policy is involved?
Tenants unable to benefit because they are hesitant to report:
Fear retaliation from landlords
administrative burden: learning, costs that citizens experience in gov interactions
Legal cynicism and mistrust: develops through negative experience with law and authorities
Knowledge gap in residents: renters fear eviction after filing a complaint
Tenant's burden to seek help: people unaware of laws that could help them
lack of trust in government: fears police intervention and retaliattion
Sociological methods and the logic of inquiiry
Wha kind of study was collateral damages
Sampling
interviews
Wha are the toolkit for sociological methods
Qualitative research esign
interview studies
ethnography
content analysis
Quantitative research design
descriptive
causal
Types of data collection
records
randomized survey
recruitment
What is the process of assembling evidence?
Internal validity: hypothesis, observation, interrogate assumptions; check for alternatives
What are some threats to internal validity
social desirability bias
unreliable information reported due to anticipation of judgement
Confirmation bias
Tendency to pursue answers till prior assumptions are confirmed without further interrogation
Confounding bias
failure to account for alternative explanation
selection bias
correlation no casuation
Exernal validity: does this case generalize
contribution
policy implications
relevance
Submit to scrutiny
peer review
reproducible, updatable