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Health and the people - A revolution in medicine I - Coggle Diagram
Health and the people - A revolution in medicine I
Pasteur
Background
Invented pasteurisation by working out that Germans could be killed off by heating them
His work was used to develop vaccinations and Germ theory
Germ theory
Combination of experimental science and role of individuals
First to discover the link between germs and disease
Saw that if microbes could be identified, the vaccines could be produced to target specific diseases
Belief in Miasma, God, astrology were still prevelant, it took a long time for the idea to be accepted
Importance of Pasteur
People originally didn't accept Pasteur's work as he wasnt a doctor
It was thanks to people like Koch and Lister that resulted in Germ theory being accepted
Role of Science and technology
Research wouldnt' have been possible without miscroscopes, as they allowed scientists to see bacteria
Other inventions like the stethoscope, thermometer and X-ray machines made a big difference
Germ theory and vaccination
Pasteur discovered that weak fromes of a disease would help people develoip immunity to that disease
Germ theory paved the way for vaccines to be made in the lab which have gone on to eradicated some diseases
1798 - Jenner publishes his findings against smallpox
1840 - Vaccinatino to all children is made free for all
1853 - Smallpox vaccination is made compulsory
1885 - Pasteur discovers effective vaccine against rabies
1920s - Vaccines become widely available
Koch
Background
Used experiments to prove that speciific microosganisms were responsible for causing disease
He also developed a way of staining bacteria so that they could be seen under a microoscope
German doctor
Anthrax
Scientifically proved the specific bacteria caused anthrax
Was able to convince people that bacteria casued disease
Able to identify the bacteria that cause tuberculosis, which was one of the biggest killers in Britain at the time
Public Health
Germ theory became very importabt in the debate on public health in towns and cities
Not everyone was convinced by germ theory and the work of Pasteur
The debate between germs and Miasma had a large impact on the time it took for germ theory to be accepted
Discoveries that made possible by Kock;s work
Staining bacteria so it could be viewed under a microscopes
Identification of many different bacteria
Koch's assistant invented the petri dish so bacteria could be observed more easily
Others developed magic bullets (chemicals that attatch to germs and kill them)
Ehrlich and magic bullets
Paul Ehrlich
Discovered the process for using chemical dyes to stain and kill specifc bacteria but not harm anything else
Came up with the term chemotherapy
Discovery
Attatched a chemical to germs to stain them in the hope he could chemicals that would attatch to germs and kill them
Called these chemicals magic bullets
In 1909, he found Salvarsan, a cure for syphilis
Kock taught Erlich to stain microorganisms, without this technique, magic bullets might never have been found
Impact of Ehrlich's work
By 1914, he had discovered magic bullets to kill syphillis, malaria and sleeping sickness
Many other doctors like Emil von Behring decided to focus on finding drugs to kill the disease itself
Work formed the foundation of the modern pharmaceutical industry
Germ theory
Beliefs
19th century
Miasma
Imbalance of four humours
Religious or supernatural reasons
20th century
Beliefe about what caused disease started to include germs
Gradually everyone came to accept germ theory
Changes in treatment
Hospitals became cleaner thanks to the work of hospital reformers
Microscopes meant that disease could be identifies more easily and could be tratedt more accurately
Vaccinations became available and because they became mandatory, diseases like small pox became eradicated
Germ theory led to the development of drugs
Surgery became safer than the work of people like Lister
Important women
Elizabeth Garret Anderson
One of the 1st female doctors in 1865
Set up her own practice to help the poor
Became New Hospital for Women and Children in 1872
Sophia Jex Blake
Advertised for more female medical students in newspapers
Became 3rd female doctor in the country